The Astrophysical Journal (Jan 2024)
The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: Mitigating the Impact of Extragalactic Foregrounds for the DR6 Cosmic Microwave Background Lensing Analysis
- Niall MacCrann,
- Blake D. Sherwin,
- Frank J. Qu,
- Toshiya Namikawa,
- Mathew S. Madhavacheril,
- Irene Abril-Cabezas,
- Rui An,
- Jason E. Austermann,
- Nicholas Battaglia,
- Elia S. Battistelli,
- James A. Beall,
- Boris Bolliet,
- J. Richard Bond,
- Hongbo Cai,
- Erminia Calabrese,
- William R. Coulton,
- Omar Darwish,
- Shannon M. Duff,
- Adriaan J. Duivenvoorden,
- Jo Dunkley,
- Gerrit S. Farren,
- Simone Ferraro,
- Joseph E. Golec,
- Yilun Guan,
- Dongwon Han,
- Carlos Hervías-Caimapo,
- J. Colin Hill,
- Matt Hilton,
- Renée Hložek,
- Johannes Hubmayr,
- Joshua Kim,
- Zack Li,
- Arthur Kosowsky,
- Thibaut Louis,
- Jeff McMahon,
- Gabriela A. Marques,
- Kavilan Moodley,
- Sigurd Naess,
- Michael D. Niemack,
- Lyman Page,
- Bruce Partridge,
- Emmanuel Schaan,
- Neelima Sehgal,
- Cristóbal Sifón,
- Edward J. Wollack,
- Maria Salatino,
- Joel N. Ullom,
- Jeff Van Lanen,
- Alexander Van Engelen,
- Lukas Wenzl
Affiliations
- Niall MacCrann
- ORCiD
- DAMTP, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge , Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 OWA, UK ; [email protected]; Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge , Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK
- Blake D. Sherwin
- DAMTP, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge , Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 OWA, UK ; [email protected]; Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge , Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK
- Frank J. Qu
- DAMTP, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge , Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 OWA, UK ; [email protected]
- Toshiya Namikawa
- Kavli IPMU (WPI), UTIAS, The University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, 277-8583, Japan
- Mathew S. Madhavacheril
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania , 209 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Irene Abril-Cabezas
- ORCiD
- DAMTP, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge , Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 OWA, UK ; [email protected]
- Rui An
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Jason E. Austermann
- ORCiD
- NIST, Quantum Sensors Group , 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
- Nicholas Battaglia
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Elia S. Battistelli
- ORCiD
- Sapienza University of Rome , Physics Department, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5—I-00185, Rome, Italy
- James A. Beall
- NIST, Quantum Sensors Group , 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
- Boris Bolliet
- DAMTP, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge , Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 OWA, UK ; [email protected]
- J. Richard Bond
- Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada
- Hongbo Cai
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Erminia Calabrese
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University , The Parade, Cardiff, Wales CF24 3AA, UK
- William R. Coulton
- ORCiD
- Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute , 162 5th Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA
- Omar Darwish
- Université de Genève , Département de Physique Théorique and Centre for Astroparticle Physics, 24 quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
- Shannon M. Duff
- NIST, Quantum Sensors Group , 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
- Adriaan J. Duivenvoorden
- ORCiD
- Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute , 162 5th Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA; Joseph Henry Laboratories of Physics, Jadwin Hall, Princeton University , Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Jo Dunkley
- ORCiD
- Joseph Henry Laboratories of Physics, Jadwin Hall, Princeton University , Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Peyton Hall, Princeton University , Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Gerrit S. Farren
- ORCiD
- DAMTP, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge , Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 OWA, UK ; [email protected]
- Simone Ferraro
- ORCiD
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Joseph E. Golec
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago , 5720 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Yilun Guan
- ORCiD
- Dunlap Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto , 50 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H4, Canada
- Dongwon Han
- DAMTP, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge , Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 OWA, UK ; [email protected]
- Carlos Hervías-Caimapo
- Instituto de Astrofísica and Centro de Astro-Ingeniería, Facultad de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, 7820436 Macul, Santiago, Chile
- J. Colin Hill
- Department of Physics, Columbia University , 538 West 120th Street, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Matt Hilton
- ORCiD
- Wits Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics, University of the Witwatersrand , Private Bag 3, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
- Renée Hložek
- David A. Dunlap Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics , 50 St George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H4, Canada; Dunlap Institute for Astronomy & Astrophysics , 50 St George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H4, Canada; Astrophysics Research Centre, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Westville Campus, Durban 4041, South Africa
- Johannes Hubmayr
- NIST, Quantum Sensors Group , 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
- Joshua Kim
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania , 209 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Zack Li
- Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada
- Arthur Kosowsky
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Thibaut Louis
- Université Paris-Saclay , CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, 91405 Orsay, France
- Jeff McMahon
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago , 5720 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago , 5640 S. Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Gabriela A. Marques
- ORCiD
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory , P.O. Box 500, Batavia, IL 60510, USA
- Kavilan Moodley
- ORCiD
- Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban 4001, South Africa
- Sigurd Naess
- ORCiD
- Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo , Norway
- Michael D. Niemack
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Department of Physics, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Lyman Page
- ORCiD
- Joseph Henry Laboratories of Physics, Jadwin Hall, Princeton University , Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Bruce Partridge
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Haverford College , Haverford, PA 19041, USA
- Emmanuel Schaan
- ORCiD
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA; Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology and Department of Physics, Stanford University , Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Neelima Sehgal
- ORCiD
- Physics and Astronomy Department, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
- Cristóbal Sifón
- Instituto de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso , Casilla 4059, Valparaíso, Chile
- Edward J. Wollack
- ORCiD
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , 8800 Greenbelt Road., Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Maria Salatino
- Physics Department, Stanford University , 382 via Pueblo, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Joel N. Ullom
- NIST, Quantum Sensors Group , 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
- Jeff Van Lanen
- NIST, Quantum Sensors Group , 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
- Alexander Van Engelen
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University , Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Lukas Wenzl
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad2610
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 966,
no. 1
p. 138
Abstract
We investigate the impact and mitigation of extragalactic foregrounds for the cosmic microwave background (CMB) lensing power spectrum analysis of Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) data release 6 (DR6) data. Two independent microwave sky simulations are used to test a range of mitigation strategies. We demonstrate that finding and then subtracting point sources, finding and then subtracting models of clusters, and using a profile bias-hardened lensing estimator together reduce the fractional biases to well below statistical uncertainties, with the inferred lensing amplitude, A _lens , biased by less than 0.2 σ . We also show that another method where a model for the cosmic infrared background (CIB) contribution is deprojected and high-frequency data from Planck is included has similar performance. Other frequency-cleaned options do not perform as well, either incurring a large noise cost or resulting in biased recovery of the lensing spectrum. In addition to these simulation-based tests, we also present null tests on the ACT DR6 data for sensitivity of our lensing spectrum estimation to differences in foreground levels between the two ACT frequencies used, while nulling the CMB lensing signal. These tests pass whether the nulling is performed at the map or bandpower level. The CIB-deprojected measurement performed on the DR6 data is consistent with our baseline measurement, implying that contamination from the CIB is unlikely to significantly bias the DR6 lensing spectrum. This collection of tests gives confidence that the ACT DR6 lensing measurements and cosmological constraints presented in companion papers to this work are robust to extragalactic foregrounds.
Keywords
- Cosmology
- Large-scale structure of the universe
- Weak gravitational lensing
- Cosmic microwave background radiation
