Nephrotic Syndrome Complicated by Life-Threatening Pulmonary Embolism in an Adult Patient

Abstract

We report a 23-year-old male presenting with edema. He was originally admitted for an elective renal biopsy for diagnosis of renal pathology. Unfortunately, because of acute abdominal pain an exploratory laparotomy was done. Progressive azotemia and oliguria then developed, and he required temporary hemodialysis. However, he suffered from sudden-onset severe respiratory distress, and blood gas analysis showed profound hypoxemia with a marked arterial–alveolar oxygen difference. Assessment of a pulmonary embolism by radioisotope imaging was not possible because of his dependence on mechanical ventilation. Subcutaneous low molecular weight heparin and intravenous methylprednisolone were given to treat the presumed pulmonary embolism and the underlying nephrotic syndrome. His partial oxygen level gradually increased after continuous heparin and steroid administration. Complete obliteration of one major pulmonary artery and partial obliteration of other smaller arteries were revealed by magnetic resonance angiography. He was discharged and followed-up as an outpatient, and was given oral warfarin and prednisolone. Follow-up magnetic resonance angiography 5 months later showed a normal pulmonary tree with no residual lesions.

Keywords

• low molecular weight heparin
• nephrotic syndrome
• pulmonary arterial thromboembolism