Development of a novel Voltammetric method for the Loperamide determination in Environmental and biological samples: In-house validation and greenness

Abstract

Loperamide hydrochloride is a pharmacological agent widely consumed by humans in the treatment of diarrhea. Therefore the development and validation of green and reliable analytical methods for its determination in different samples is of great importance. So, we describe here the use of a boron-doped diamond electrode in combination with differential pulse voltammetry to develop and in-house validate an analytical method for the determination of loperamide. The electrochemical characterization showed a diffusion-controlled mass transfer upon the electrode surface. The method was validated according to the recommendations of validation guidelines. Linearity was obtained in the loperamide concentration range of 1.50 – 21.05 µmol L−1 in Britton Robinson buffer solution (pH 9.0). The limit of detection and limit of quantitation were calculated as 0.41 µmol L−1 and 1.24 µmol L−1, respectively. The developed method presented adequate selectivity, precision, and accuracy for the quantitative measurement of loperamide in environmental and biological samples. In addition, the described voltammetric method offered a suitable green analytical chemistry profile.

Keywords

• Boron-doped diamond electrode
• Anti-diarrheal agent
• Greenness
• Analytical determination