BMC Psychiatry (Nov 2022)

Fear of contagion, emotional stress and coping strategies used by adults during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria

  • Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan,
  • Olanrewaju Ibigbami,
  • Brandon Brown,
  • Maha El Tantawi,
  • Nourhan M. Aly,
  • Roberto Ariel Abeldaño Zuñiga,
  • Giuliana Florencia Abeldaño,
  • Eshrat Ara,
  • Passent Ellakany,
  • Balgis Gaffar,
  • Nuraldeen Maher Al-Khanati,
  • Ifeoma Idigbe,
  • Anthonia Omotola Ishabiyi,
  • Mohammed Jafer,
  • Abeedha Tu-Allah Khan,
  • Zumama Khalid,
  • Folake Barakat Lawal,
  • Joanne Lusher,
  • Ntombifuthi P. Nzimande,
  • Bamidele Olubukola Popoola,
  • Mir Faeq Ali Quadri,
  • Mark Roque,
  • Joseph Chukwudi Okeibunor,
  • Annie Lu Nguyen

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-022-04360-w
Journal volume & issue
Vol. 22, no. 1
pp. 1 – 11

Abstract

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Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic has induced high levels of stress. The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between emotional stress (COVID-19 related fear, anger, frustration, and loneliness) and the use of coping strategies among adults in Nigeria during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods Data from adults aged 18 years and above were collected through an online survey from July to December 2020. The dependent variables were COVID-19 related fear (fear of infection and infecting others with COVID-19), anger, frustration, and loneliness. The independent variables were coping strategies (use of phones to communicate with family and others, video conferencing, indoor exercises, outdoor exercises, meditation/mindfulness practices, engaging in creative activities, learning a new skill, following media coverage related to COVID-19) and alcohol consumption. Five logistic regression models were developed to identify the factors associated with each dependent variables. All models were adjusted for sociodemographic variables (age, sex at birth, and the highest level of education). Results Respondents who consumed alcohol, followed media coverage for COVID-19 related information, and who spoke with friends or family on the phone had higher odds of having fear of contracting COVID-19 or transmitting infection to others, and of feeling angry, frustrated, or lonely (p < 0.05). Respondents who exercised outdoors (AOR: 0.69) or learned a new skill (AOR: 0.79) had significantly lower odds of having fear of contracting COVID-19. Respondents who practiced meditation or mindfulness (AOR: 1.47) had significantly higher odds of feeling angry. Those who spoke with friends and family on the phone (AOR: 1.32) and exercised indoors (AOR: 1.23) had significantly higher odds of feeling frustrated. Those who did video conferencing (AOR: 1.41), exercised outdoors (AOR: 1.32) and engaged with creative activities (AOR: 1.25) had higher odds of feeling lonely. Conclusion Despite the significant association between emotional stress and use of coping strategies among adults in Nigeria during the COVID-19 pandemic, it appears that coping strategies were used to ameliorate rather than prevent emotional stress. Learning new skills and exercising outdoors were used to ameliorate the fear of contracting COVID-19 in older respondents.

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