Monitoring Quantum Simulators via Quantum Nondemolition Couplings to Atomic Clock Qubits

Abstract

We discuss monitoring the time evolution of an analog quantum simulator via a quantum nondemolition (QND) coupling to an auxiliary “clock” qubit. The QND variable of interest is the “energy” of the quantum many-body system, represented by the Hamiltonian of the quantum simulator. We describe a physical implementation of the underlying QND Hamiltonian for Rydberg atoms trapped in tweezer arrays using laser-dressing schemes for a broad class of spin models. As an application, we discuss a quantum protocol for measuring the spectral form factor of quantum many-body systems, where the aim is to identify signatures of ergodic versus nonergodic dynamics, which we illustrate for disordered one-dimensional Heisenberg and Floquet spin models on Rydberg platforms. Our results also provide the physical ingredients for running quantum phase estimation protocols for measurement of energies and preparation of energy eigenstates for a specified spectral resolution on an analog quantum simulator.