Frontiers in Immunology (Oct 2021)
Children and Adults in a Household Cohort Study Have Robust Longitudinal Immune Responses Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection or Exposure
- Melanie R. Neeland,
- Melanie R. Neeland,
- Samantha Bannister,
- Samantha Bannister,
- Samantha Bannister,
- Vanessa Clifford,
- Vanessa Clifford,
- Vanessa Clifford,
- Vanessa Clifford,
- Jill Nguyen,
- Kate Dohle,
- Isabella Overmars,
- Zheng Quan Toh,
- Zheng Quan Toh,
- Jeremy Anderson,
- Jeremy Anderson,
- Celeste M. Donato,
- Celeste M. Donato,
- Sohinee Sarkar,
- Sohinee Sarkar,
- Lien Anh Ha Do,
- Lien Anh Ha Do,
- Conor McCafferty,
- Paul V. Licciardi,
- Paul V. Licciardi,
- Vera Ignjatovic,
- Vera Ignjatovic,
- Paul Monagle,
- Paul Monagle,
- Paul Monagle,
- Paul Monagle,
- Julie E. Bines,
- Julie E. Bines,
- Julie E. Bines,
- Kim Mulholland,
- Kim Mulholland,
- Kim Mulholland,
- Nigel Curtis,
- Nigel Curtis,
- Nigel Curtis,
- Sarah McNab,
- Sarah McNab,
- Sarah McNab,
- Andrew C. Steer,
- Andrew C. Steer,
- Andrew C. Steer,
- David P. Burgner,
- David P. Burgner,
- David P. Burgner,
- Richard Saffery,
- Richard Saffery,
- Shidan Tosif,
- Shidan Tosif,
- Shidan Tosif,
- Nigel W. Crawford,
- Nigel W. Crawford,
- Nigel W. Crawford
Affiliations
- Melanie R. Neeland
- Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Melanie R. Neeland
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Samantha Bannister
- Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Samantha Bannister
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Samantha Bannister
- Infectious Diseases Unit, The Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Vanessa Clifford
- Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Vanessa Clifford
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Vanessa Clifford
- Infectious Diseases Unit, The Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Vanessa Clifford
- Laboratory Services, The Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Jill Nguyen
- Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Kate Dohle
- Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Isabella Overmars
- Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Zheng Quan Toh
- Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Zheng Quan Toh
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Jeremy Anderson
- Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Jeremy Anderson
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Celeste M. Donato
- Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Celeste M. Donato
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Sohinee Sarkar
- Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Sohinee Sarkar
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Lien Anh Ha Do
- Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Lien Anh Ha Do
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Conor McCafferty
- Clinical Sciences Theme, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Paul V. Licciardi
- Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Paul V. Licciardi
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Vera Ignjatovic
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Vera Ignjatovic
- Clinical Sciences Theme, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Paul Monagle
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Paul Monagle
- Clinical Sciences Theme, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Paul Monagle
- Clinical Haematology, The Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Paul Monagle
- Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children’s Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
- Julie E. Bines
- Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Julie E. Bines
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Julie E. Bines
- Department of Gastroenterology and Clinical Nutrition, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Kim Mulholland
- Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Kim Mulholland
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Kim Mulholland
- Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Nigel Curtis
- Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Nigel Curtis
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Nigel Curtis
- Infectious Diseases Unit, The Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Sarah McNab
- Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Sarah McNab
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Sarah McNab
- Department of Gastroenterology and Clinical Nutrition, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Andrew C. Steer
- Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Andrew C. Steer
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Andrew C. Steer
- Infectious Diseases Unit, The Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- David P. Burgner
- Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- David P. Burgner
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- David P. Burgner
- Infectious Diseases Unit, The Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Richard Saffery
- Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Richard Saffery
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Shidan Tosif
- Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Shidan Tosif
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Shidan Tosif
- 0Department of General Medicine, The Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Nigel W. Crawford
- Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Nigel W. Crawford
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Nigel W. Crawford
- 0Department of General Medicine, The Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.741639
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 12
Abstract
Children have reduced severity of COVID-19 compared to adults and typically have mild or asymptomatic disease. The immunological mechanisms underlying these age-related differences in clinical outcomes remain unexplained. Here, we quantify 23 immune cell populations in 141 samples from children and adults with mild COVID-19 and their PCR-negative close household contacts at acute and convalescent time points. Children with COVID-19 displayed marked reductions in myeloid cells during infection, most prominent in children under the age of five. Recovery from infection in both children and adults was characterised by the generation of CD8 TCM and CD4 TCM up to 9 weeks post infection. SARS-CoV-2-exposed close contacts also had immunological changes over time despite no evidence of confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection on PCR testing. This included an increase in low-density neutrophils during convalescence in both exposed children and adults, as well as increases in CD8 TCM and CD4 TCM in exposed adults. In comparison to children with other common respiratory viral infections, those with COVID-19 had a greater change in innate and T cell-mediated immune responses over time. These findings provide new mechanistic insights into the immune response during and after recovery from COVID-19 in both children and adults.
Keywords
