Above the Invasive and Ornamental Attributes of the Traveler’s Palm: An In Vitro and In Silico Insight into the Anti-Oxidant, Anti-Enzymatic, Cytotoxic and Phytochemical Characterization of <i>Ravenala madagascariensis</i>
Shanoo Suroowan,
Eulogio Jose Llorent-Martínez,
Gokhan Zengin,
Stefano Dall’Acqua,
Stefania Sut,
Kalaivani Buskaran,
Sharida Fakurazi,
Bao Le Van,
Mohnad Abdalla,
Ashraf N. Abdalla,
Asaad Khalid,
Mohamad Fawzi Mahomoodally
Affiliations
Shanoo Suroowan
Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Mauritius, Réduit 80837, Mauritius
Eulogio Jose Llorent-Martínez
Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas S/N, E-23071 Jaén, Spain
Gokhan Zengin
Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya 42130, Turkey
Stefano Dall’Acqua
Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
Stefania Sut
Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
Kalaivani Buskaran
Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Product Research, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
Sharida Fakurazi
Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Product Research, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
Bao Le Van
Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
Mohnad Abdalla
Pediatric Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250022, China
Ashraf N. Abdalla
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
Asaad Khalid
Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
Mohamad Fawzi Mahomoodally
Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Mauritius, Réduit 80837, Mauritius
Ravenala madagascariensis is a widely known ornamental and medicinal plant, but with a dearth of scientific investigations regarding its phytochemical and pharmacological properties. Hence, these properties were appraised in this study. The DPPH (154.08 ± 2.43 mgTE/g), FRAP (249.40 ± 3.01 mgTE/g), CUPRAC (384.57 ± 1.99 mgTE/g), metal chelating (29.68 ± 0.74 mgEDTAE/g) and phosphomolybdenum assay (2.38 ± 0.07 mmolTE/g) results demonstrated that the aqueous extract had the most prominent antioxidant activity, while the methanolic extract displayed the best antioxidant potential in the ABTS assay (438.46 ± 1.69 mgTE/g). The HPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS-MS analysis allowed the characterization of 41 metabolites. The methanolic extract was the most active against acetylcholinesterase. All extracts were active against the alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase enzymes, with the ethyl acetate extract being the most active against the alpha-amylase enzyme, while the methanolic extract showed the best alpha-glucosidase inhibition. A plethora of metabolites bonded more energetically with the assayed enzymes active sites based on the results of the in silico studies. R. madagascariensis extracts used in this study exhibited cytotoxicity against HT29 cells. The IC50 of the methanolic extract was lower (506.99 ug/mL). Based on the heat map, whereby flavonoids were found to be in greater proportion in the extracts, it can be concluded that the flavonoid portion of the extracts contributed to the most activity.
