Quantitative assessment of chlorine gas inhalation injury based on endoscopic OCT and spectral encoded interferometric microscope imaging with deep learning
Zhikai Zhu,
Hyunmo Yang,
Hongqiu Lei,
Yusi Miao,
George Philipopoulos,
Melody Doosty,
David Mukai,
Yuchen Song,
Jangwoen Lee,
Sari Mahon,
Matthew Brenner,
Livia Veress,
Carl White,
Woonggyu Jung,
Zhongping Chen
Affiliations
Zhikai Zhu
Beckman Laser Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92612, USA
Hyunmo Yang
Beckman Laser Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92612, USA
Hongqiu Lei
Beckman Laser Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92612, USA
Yusi Miao
Beckman Laser Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92612, USA
George Philipopoulos
Beckman Laser Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92612, USA
Melody Doosty
Beckman Laser Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92612, USA
David Mukai
Beckman Laser Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92612, USA
Yuchen Song
Beckman Laser Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92612, USA
Jangwoen Lee
Beckman Laser Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92612, USA
Sari Mahon
Beckman Laser Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92612, USA
Matthew Brenner
Beckman Laser Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92612, USA
Livia Veress
Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
Carl White
Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
Woonggyu Jung
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
Zhongping Chen
Beckman Laser Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92612, USA
Chlorine exposure can cause severe airway injuries. While the acute effects of chlorine inhalation are well-documented, the structural changes resulting from the post-acute, high-level chlorine exposure remain less understood. Airway sloughing is one of the standards for doctors to evaluate the lung function. Here, we report the application of a high-resolution swept-source optical coherence tomography system to investigate the progression of injury based on airway sloughing evaluation in a chlorine inhalation rabbit model. This system employs a 1.2 mm diameter flexible fiberoptic endoscopic probe via an endotracheal tube to capture in vivo large airway anatomical changes before and as early as 30 min after acute chlorine exposure. We conducted an animal study using New Zealand white rabbits exposed to acute chlorine gas (800 ppm, 6 min) during ventilation and monitored them using optical coherence tomography (OCT) for 6 h. To measure the volume of airway sloughing induced by chlorine gas, we utilized deep learning for the segmentation task on OCT images. The results showed that the volume of chlorine induced epithelial sloughing on rabbit tracheal walls initially increased, peaked around 30 min, and then decreased. Furthermore, we utilized a spectral encoded interferometric microscopy system to study ex vivo airway cilia beating dynamics based on Doppler shift, aiding in elucidating how chlorine gas affects cilia beating function. Cilia movability and beating frequency were decreased because of the epithelium damage. This quantitative approach has the potential to enhance the diagnosis and monitoring of injuries from toxic gas inhalation and to evaluate the efficacy of antidote treatments for these injuries.
