Potential role of gut microbiota in major depressive disorder: A review
Mansoor Khaledi,
Fatemeh Sameni,
Abolfazl Gholipour,
Shahnaz Shahrjerdi,
Reza Golmohammadi,
Hadi Esmaeili Gouvarchin Ghaleh,
Behnam Poureslamfar,
Jaber Hemmati,
Niloofar Mobarezpour,
Yaser Eshaghi Milasi,
Fatemeh Rad,
Mahtab Mehboodi,
Parviz Owlia
Affiliations
Mansoor Khaledi
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
Fatemeh Sameni
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
Abolfazl Gholipour
Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
Shahnaz Shahrjerdi
Department of Physiology and Sports Pathology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Arak University, Arak, Iran
Reza Golmohammadi
Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases (BRCGL), Clinical Sciences Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Hadi Esmaeili Gouvarchin Ghaleh
Applied Virology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Behnam Poureslamfar
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran
Jaber Hemmati
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
Niloofar Mobarezpour
Reference Laboratory for Bovine Tuberculosis, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Karaj, Iran
Yaser Eshaghi Milasi
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Fatemeh Rad
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
Mahtab Mehboodi
Department of Microbiology and Virology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
Parviz Owlia
Molecular Microbiology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran; Corresponding author.
Interactions between the gut microbiota and host immunity are sophisticated, dynamic, and host-dependent. Scientists have recently conducted research showing that disturbances in the gut bacterial community can lead to a decrease in some metabolites and, consequently, to behaviors such as depression. Exposure to stressors dropped the relative abundance of bacteria in the genus Bacteroides while soaring the relative abundance of bacteria in the genus Clostridium, Coprococcus, Dialister, and Oscillibacter, which were also reduced in people with depression.Microbiota and innate immunity are in a bilateral relationship. The gut microbiota has been shown to induce the synthesis of antimicrobial proteins such as catalysidins, type C lectins, and defensins. Probiotic bacteria can modulate depressive behavior through GABA signaling.The gut microbiome produces essential metabolites such as neurotransmitters, tryptophan metabolites, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) that can act on the CNS. In the case of dysbiosis, due to mucin changes, the ratio of intestinal-derived molecules may change and contribute to depression.Psychotropics, including Bifidobacterium longum NCC3001, Clostridium butyricum CBM588, and Lactobacillus acidophilus, have mental health benefits, and can have a positive effect on the host-brain relationship, and have antidepressant effects.This article reviews current studies on the association between gut microbiota dysbiosis and depression. Comprehensively, these findings could potentially lead to novel approaches to improving depressive symptoms via gut microbiota alterations, including probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation.
