Factors Associated with Chronic Kidney Disease in Jigawa State, Nigeria: A Mixed Methods Study

Abstract

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is becoming an increasing public health problem. A study that reviewed patients receiving treatment in hemodialysis centers reported 79.2% of patients from Jigawa State to be managed for CKD. This study aimed to find the factors associated with CKD among adults from high-burden kidney disease areas of Jigawa State. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive study design that utilized mixed methods (quantitative and qualitative) of data collection (sequential explanatory) was used to study eligible respondents from the four local government areas (LGAs) reported to have a high burden of kidney disease. The modified WHO STEPS questionnaire, key informant interview, and in-depth interview guides were employed to collect information from the eligible selected community members. Multistage and purposive sampling techniques were used, and data were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 22.0 with a statistical significance set at P ≤ 0.05. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the qualitative interviews. Results: The age of the respondents ranged from 18 to 102 years, with a median of 45 (interquartile range = 30–80) years. The period prevalence over the past five years (2018–2023) of having kidney disease in the family was 67 (18.6%), while the point prevalence (currently having a patient with kidney disease) was 51 (14.1%). In terms of the distribution of cases by LGAs, Jahun reported more cases, 33.3% in the family within the last five years, followed by Hadejia 18.7%. In the same vein, respondents from Jahun 28.9% and Hadejia 16.5% reported more current cases of kidney disease in the family. The prevalence of ever had patient with chronic kidney disease in the family was significantly higher among those with systolic hypertension (BP) ≥140 mmHg (29.3%, P < 0.001). Elevated systolic BP was significantly associated with currently having a kidney disease patient (23.3%, P = 0.001). The interviews revealed late presentation and noncompliance to medications among those with risk factors as the perceived facilitators of kidney disease. Conclusions: The prevalence of kidney disease was alarming in the high-burden kidney disease areas. The government should develop a sustainable model for mass community screening of risk factors and community-based health insurance to effectively manage all identified cases.

Keywords

• jigawa
• kidney diseases
• nigeria
• prevalence
• risk factors