Nuclear Fusion (Jan 2023)
Achievement of ion temperatures in excess of 100 million degrees Kelvin in the compact high-field spherical tokamak ST40
- S.A.M. McNamara,
- O. Asunta,
- J. Bland,
- P.F. Buxton,
- C. Colgan,
- A. Dnestrovskii,
- M. Gemmell,
- M. Gryaznevich,
- D. Hoffman,
- F. Janky,
- J.B. Lister,
- H.F. Lowe,
- R.S. Mirfayzi,
- G. Naylor,
- V. Nemytov,
- J. Njau,
- T. Pyragius,
- A. Rengle,
- M. Romanelli,
- C. Romero,
- M. Sertoli,
- V. Shevchenko,
- J. Sinha,
- A. Sladkomedova,
- S. Sridhar,
- Y. Takase,
- P. Thomas,
- J. Varje,
- B. Vincent,
- H.V. Willett,
- J. Wood,
- D. Zakhar,
- D.J. Battaglia,
- S.M. Kaye,
- L.F. Delgado-Aparicio,
- R. Maingi,
- D. Mueller,
- M. Podesta,
- E. Delabie,
- B. Lomanowski,
- O. Marchuk,
- the ST40 Team
Affiliations
- S.A.M. McNamara
- ORCiD
- Tokamak Energy Ltd, Milton Park , Oxfordshire OX14 4SD, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- O. Asunta
- ORCiD
- Tokamak Energy Ltd, Milton Park , Oxfordshire OX14 4SD, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- J. Bland
- ORCiD
- Tokamak Energy Ltd, Milton Park , Oxfordshire OX14 4SD, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- P.F. Buxton
- ORCiD
- Tokamak Energy Ltd, Milton Park , Oxfordshire OX14 4SD, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- C. Colgan
- ORCiD
- Tokamak Energy Ltd, Milton Park , Oxfordshire OX14 4SD, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- A. Dnestrovskii
- ORCiD
- Tokamak Energy Ltd, Milton Park , Oxfordshire OX14 4SD, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- M. Gemmell
- ORCiD
- Tokamak Energy Ltd, Milton Park , Oxfordshire OX14 4SD, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- M. Gryaznevich
- ORCiD
- Tokamak Energy Ltd, Milton Park , Oxfordshire OX14 4SD, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- D. Hoffman
- ORCiD
- Tokamak Energy Ltd, Milton Park , Oxfordshire OX14 4SD, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- F. Janky
- ORCiD
- Tokamak Energy Ltd, Milton Park , Oxfordshire OX14 4SD, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- J.B. Lister
- Tokamak Energy Ltd, Milton Park , Oxfordshire OX14 4SD, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- H.F. Lowe
- ORCiD
- Tokamak Energy Ltd, Milton Park , Oxfordshire OX14 4SD, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- R.S. Mirfayzi
- ORCiD
- Tokamak Energy Ltd, Milton Park , Oxfordshire OX14 4SD, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- G. Naylor
- ORCiD
- Tokamak Energy Ltd, Milton Park , Oxfordshire OX14 4SD, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- V. Nemytov
- ORCiD
- Tokamak Energy Ltd, Milton Park , Oxfordshire OX14 4SD, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- J. Njau
- Tokamak Energy Ltd, Milton Park , Oxfordshire OX14 4SD, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- T. Pyragius
- ORCiD
- Tokamak Energy Ltd, Milton Park , Oxfordshire OX14 4SD, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- A. Rengle
- ORCiD
- Tokamak Energy Ltd, Milton Park , Oxfordshire OX14 4SD, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- M. Romanelli
- ORCiD
- Tokamak Energy Ltd, Milton Park , Oxfordshire OX14 4SD, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- C. Romero
- ORCiD
- Tokamak Energy Ltd, Milton Park , Oxfordshire OX14 4SD, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- M. Sertoli
- ORCiD
- Tokamak Energy Ltd, Milton Park , Oxfordshire OX14 4SD, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- V. Shevchenko
- ORCiD
- Tokamak Energy Ltd, Milton Park , Oxfordshire OX14 4SD, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- J. Sinha
- ORCiD
- Tokamak Energy Ltd, Milton Park , Oxfordshire OX14 4SD, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- A. Sladkomedova
- ORCiD
- Tokamak Energy Ltd, Milton Park , Oxfordshire OX14 4SD, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- S. Sridhar
- ORCiD
- Tokamak Energy Ltd, Milton Park , Oxfordshire OX14 4SD, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- Y. Takase
- ORCiD
- Tokamak Energy Ltd, Milton Park , Oxfordshire OX14 4SD, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- P. Thomas
- Tokamak Energy Ltd, Milton Park , Oxfordshire OX14 4SD, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- J. Varje
- ORCiD
- Tokamak Energy Ltd, Milton Park , Oxfordshire OX14 4SD, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- B. Vincent
- ORCiD
- Tokamak Energy Ltd, Milton Park , Oxfordshire OX14 4SD, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- H.V. Willett
- ORCiD
- Tokamak Energy Ltd, Milton Park , Oxfordshire OX14 4SD, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- J. Wood
- ORCiD
- Tokamak Energy Ltd, Milton Park , Oxfordshire OX14 4SD, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- D. Zakhar
- ORCiD
- Tokamak Energy Ltd, Milton Park , Oxfordshire OX14 4SD, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- D.J. Battaglia
- ORCiD
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory , Princeton, NJ 08543, United States of America
- S.M. Kaye
- ORCiD
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory , Princeton, NJ 08543, United States of America
- L.F. Delgado-Aparicio
- ORCiD
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory , Princeton, NJ 08543, United States of America
- R. Maingi
- ORCiD
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory , Princeton, NJ 08543, United States of America
- D. Mueller
- ORCiD
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory , Princeton, NJ 08543, United States of America
- M. Podesta
- ORCiD
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory , Princeton, NJ 08543, United States of America
- E. Delabie
- ORCiD
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States of America
- B. Lomanowski
- ORCiD
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States of America
- O. Marchuk
- ORCiD
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung—Plasmaphysik, Partner of the Trilateral Euregio Cluster (TEC) , 52425 Jülich, Germany
- the ST40 Team
- Tokamak Energy Ltd, Milton Park , Oxfordshire OX14 4SD, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acbec8
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 63,
no. 5
p. 054002
Abstract
Ion temperatures of over 100 million degrees Kelvin (8.6 keV) have been produced in the ST40 compact high-field spherical tokamak (ST). Ion temperatures in excess of 5 keV have not previously been reached in any ST and have only been obtained in much larger devices with substantially more plasma heating power. The corresponding fusion triple product is calculated to be ${n_{i0}}{T_{i0}}{\tau _E} \approx 6 \pm 2 \times {10^{18}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}{\text{keVs}}$ . These results demonstrate for the first time that ion temperatures relevant for commercial magnetic confinement fusion can be obtained in a compact high-field ST and bode well for fusion power plants based on the high-field ST.
Keywords
