Conjugation, the process by which conjugative plasmids are transferred between bacteria, is regarded as a major contributor to the spread of antibiotic resistance, in both environmental and clinical settings. Heavy metals are known to co-select for antibiotic resistance, but the impact of the presence of these metals on conjugation itself is not clear. Here, we systematically investigate the impact that five heavy metals (arsenic, cadmium, copper, manganese, and zinc) have on the transfer of an IncF conjugative plasmid in Escherichia coli. Our results show that two of the metals, cadmium and manganese, have no significant impact, while arsenic and zinc both reduce conjugation efficiency by approximately 2-fold. Copper showed the largest impact, with an almost 100-fold decrease in conjugation efficiency. This was not mediated by any change in transcription from the major Py promoter responsible for transcription of the conjugation machinery genes. Further, we show that in order to have this severe impact on the transfer of the plasmid, copper sulfate needs to be present during the mating process, and we suggest explanations for this.
