Independent risk factors of left ventricular hypertrophy in non-diabetic individuals in Sierra Leone - a cross-sectional study

Abstract

Abstract Background Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is a critical factor in heart failure and cardiovascular event-related mortality. While the prevalence of LVH in diabetic patients is well-documented, its occurrence and risk factors in non-diabetic populations remain largely unexplored. This study addresses this issue by investigating the independent risk factors of LVH in non-diabetic individuals. Methods This cross-sectional study, conducted meticulously, utilized data from a robust and comprehensive source, DATADRYAD, in the Sierra Leone database, collected between October 2019 and October 2021, including LVH and various variables. All variables were described and screened using univariate analysis, Spearman correlation, and principal component analysis (PCA). The lipid profile, including total cholesterols (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), non-high-density lipoprotein (Non-HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), TC/HDL-C ratio, TG/HDL-C ratio, Non-HDL-C /HDL-C ratio and LDL-C/HDL-C ratio, which quartiles were treated as categorical variables, with the lowest quartile serving as the reference category. Three adjusted models were constructed to mitigate the influence of other variables. To ensure the robustness of the model, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to calculate the cutoff values by analyzing the ROC curves. A sensitivity analysis was performed to validate the findings further. Results The dataset encompasses information from 2092 individuals. After adjusting for potential factors that could influence the results, we found that TC (OR = 2.773, 95%CI: 1.805–4.26), Non-HDL-C (OR = 2.74, 95%CI: 1.7723–4.236), TC/HDL-C ratio (OR = 2.237, 95%CI: 1.445–3.463), Non-HDL-C/HDL-C ratio (OR = 2.357, 95%CI: 1.548–3.588), TG/HDL-C ratio (OR = 1.513, 95%CI: 1.02–2.245) acts as independent risk factors of LVH. ROC curve analysis revealed the predictive ability of blood lipids for LVH, with Non-HDL-C exhibiting area under the curve (AUC = 0.6109), followed by TC (AUC = 0.6084). Conclusions TC, non-HDL-C, TC/HDL-C ratio, Non-HDL-C/HDL-C ratio, and TG/HDL-C ratio were independent risk factors of LVH in non-diabetic people. Non-HDL-C and TC were found to be essential indicators for predicting the prevalence of LVH.

Keywords

• Left ventricular hypertrophy
• Left ventricular mass index
• Lipid profile
• Non-diabetic