Multi-Response Optimization of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids Removal from <i>Chrysanthemum morifolium</i> by High-Pressure Extraction

Abstract

As an ingredient in various foods, Chrysanthemum morifolium flower is popular due to its multiple health benefits. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are hepatotoxic secondary metabolites in Chrysanthemum family. Effects of high-pressure extraction (HPE) on PAs removal efficiency, as well as the retention efficiency of functional components, including chlorogenic acid, luteolin-7-β-D-glucopyranoside, 3,5-dicaffeyl quinic acid and total flavonoids, were investigated and optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). Pressure (0.1–200 MPa), numbers of cycles (1–5) and acetic acid concentration (0–10%) were chosen as the independent variables. The results indicated that the pressure was the most significant factors affecting all responses. The optimum HPE for removing Pas and retaining functional components were set at 124 MPa, with one cycle and with an acetic acid concentration of 10%. After comparing the experimental optimum values and predicted optimum values, the validity of RSM model was proved.

Keywords

• high-pressure extraction
• <i>Chrysanthemum morifolium</i>
• pyrrolizidine alkaloids
• response surface methodology