Risk Factors for Refractory Anaphylaxis in the Emergency Department

Abstract

Conclusion: We found that having low blood pressure or related symptoms, a known history of anaphylaxis, beta-blockers/ACEI, and IV contrast agent are risk factors for RA. To prevent mortality and morbidity in patients with this risk factor, early interventions such as rapidly repeating epinephrine doses and rapid fluid resuscitation should not be avoided.