Body Image, Muscle Dysmorphia, and Muscularity Concerns: A Comparison of CrossFit Athletes, Weight-Trainers, and Non-Athletes

Abstract

Background. CrossFit is a strength-and-conditioning physical activity programmes that some studies have shown to result in healthier body image outcomes. However, prior studies have typically examined CrossFit in isolation, without adequate comparison groups. Aim. The aim of this study was to examine body image experiences in CrossFit athletes in comparison to weight-trainers and non-athletes. Design. The study used a cross-sectional design in which CrossFit athletes, weight-trainers, and non-athletes from Brazil were asked to complete a measure of positive body image (i.e., body appreciation), negative body image (i.e., body dissatisfaction), and muscularity concerns (in women) or muscle dysmorphia symptomatology (in men). Results. Between-group comparisons showed that CrossFit athletes and weight-trainers had healthier body image than non-athletes, but differences between the two sport groups were small. There were no significant between-group differences in muscularity concerns in women, whereas weight-training men had significantly higher drive for size compared to both CrossFit athletes and non-athletes. Male CrossFit athletes and weight-trainers also showed significantly higher functional impairment as a result of exercise compared to non-athletes. Conclusion. These results suggest that participation in CrossFit may be a route to promoting healthier body image while mitigating against unhealthy muscularity-related attitudes and behaviours. More broadly, our results support the suggestion that physical activity is associated with healthier body image.

Keywords

• Body appreciation
• Body dissatisfaction
• Sport
• Physical activity
• Muscle concerns