Analysis of Ferritin, Hepcidin, Zinc, C-Reactive Protein and IL-6 Levels in COVID-19 in Patients Living at Different Altitudes in Peru
Wilmer Silva-Caso,
Sungmin Kym,
Alfredo Merino-Luna,
Miguel Angel Aguilar-Luis,
Yordi Tarazona-Castro,
Hugo Carrillo-Ng,
Eliezer Bonifacio-Velez de Villa,
Ronald Aquino-Ortega,
Juana del Valle-Mendoza
Affiliations
Wilmer Silva-Caso
Biomedicine Laboratory, Research Center of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Av. San Marcos Cuadra 2, Chorrillos, Lima 15023, Peru
Sungmin Kym
Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 305764, Republic of Korea
Alfredo Merino-Luna
Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, Clinica San Pablo, Sede Huaraz, Huaraz 02002, Peru
Miguel Angel Aguilar-Luis
Biomedicine Laboratory, Research Center of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Av. San Marcos Cuadra 2, Chorrillos, Lima 15023, Peru
Yordi Tarazona-Castro
Biomedicine Laboratory, Research Center of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Av. San Marcos Cuadra 2, Chorrillos, Lima 15023, Peru
Hugo Carrillo-Ng
Biomedicine Laboratory, Research Center of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Av. San Marcos Cuadra 2, Chorrillos, Lima 15023, Peru
Eliezer Bonifacio-Velez de Villa
Biomedicine Laboratory, Research Center of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Av. San Marcos Cuadra 2, Chorrillos, Lima 15023, Peru
Ronald Aquino-Ortega
Biomedicine Laboratory, Research Center of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Av. San Marcos Cuadra 2, Chorrillos, Lima 15023, Peru
Juana del Valle-Mendoza
Biomedicine Laboratory, Research Center of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Av. San Marcos Cuadra 2, Chorrillos, Lima 15023, Peru
Background: Despite great scientific efforts, understanding the role of COVID-19 clinical biomarkers remains a challenge. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study in two Peruvian cities at different altitudes for comparison: Lima and Huaraz. In each place, three groups were formed, made up of 25 patients with COVID-19 in the ICU, 25 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 who did not require the ICU, and 25 healthy subjects as a control group. Five biomarkers were measured: IL-6, hepcidin, ferritin, C-reactive protein, and zinc using ELISA assays. Results: Ferritin, C-reactive protein, and IL-6 levels were significantly higher in the ICU and non-ICU groups at both study sites. In the case of hepcidin, the levels were significantly higher in the ICU group at both study sites compared to the non-ICU group. Among the groups within each study site, the highest altitude area presented statistically significant differences between its groups in all the markers evaluated. In the lower altitude area, differences were only observed between the groups for the zinc biomarker. Conclusion: COVID-19 patients residing at high altitudes tend to have higher levels of zinc and IL-6 in all groups studied compared to their lower altitude counterparts.
