Refractive errors among schoolchildren in the Middle East: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

Background: Refractive errors are the most prevalent ocular conditions among adolescents and children. Aim: The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to evaluate the prevalence of refractive error (RE) among children aged 5–17 years in the Middle East Region. Method: The research adhered to the Preferred Reporting Criteria for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (2020) in conducting the study. A comprehensive search for relevant studies was conducted on multiple databases. The analysed dataset was classified based on gender and the methods employed to estimate REs. Results: The meta-analysis included data from 38 population-based studies in 11 countries, covering 103 053 children. The overall pooled prevalence rates of myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism were 5.74%, 5.35% and 13.16%, respectively. Females had slightly higher prevalence rates at 7.25%, 5.54% and 15.50%, compared to males at 6.09%, 5.07% and 12.20%, respectively. The prevalence of myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism was higher with cycloplegic refraction at 6.33%, 6.36% and 14.39%, respectively, compared with non-cycloplegic refraction at 4.07%, 2.73% and 9.64%, respectively. Significant heterogeneity was observed between the reviewed studies (p 0.0001). Conclusion: This meta-analysis revealed that astigmatism was the most common RE in Middle Eastern children aged 5–17 years, followed by myopia and hyperopia. There was no significant difference in the pooled prevalence of RE between genders. The findings indicated that myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism measurements varied between cycloplegic and non-cycloplegic refractions. Contribution: These findings concur with the global trend and emphasise the need for deliberate action to address childhood REs in the Middle East.

Keywords

• children
• refractive errors
• middle east region
• public health
• prevalence.