Influenza Vaccination for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in the Americas: Consensus document of the Inter-American Society of Cardiology and the World Heart Federation
Álvaro Sosa Liprandi,
María Inés Sosa Liprandi,
Ezequiel José Zaidel,
Gabriel M. Aisenberg,
Adrián Baranchuk,
Eduardo Costa Duarte Barbosa,
Gabriela Borrayo Sánchez,
Bryce Alexander,
Fernando Tomás Lanas Zanetti,
Ricardo López Santi,
Ana Girleza Múnera-Echeverri,
Pablo Perel,
Daniel Piskorz,
Carlos Enrique Ruiz-Mori,
Jorge Saucedo,
Osiris Valdez,
José Ramón González Juanatey,
Daniel José Piñeiro,
Fausto J. Pinto,
Fernando Stuardo Wyss Quintana
Affiliations
Álvaro Sosa Liprandi
School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires; Cardiology Department, Sanatorio Güemes, Buenos Aires; InterAmerican Society of Cardiology
María Inés Sosa Liprandi
Cardiology Department, Sanatorio Güemes, Buenos Aires
Ezequiel José Zaidel
Cardiology Department, Sanatorio Güemes, Buenos Aires; Pharmacology Department, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires
Gabriel M. Aisenberg
University of Texas, John P and Kathrine G McGovern School of Medicine, Houston, Texas
Adrián Baranchuk
Division of Cardiology, Kingston Health Science Center, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario
Eduardo Costa Duarte Barbosa
Cardiology Department, Hospital Sao Francisco-Santa Casa, Porto Alegre; Artery LatAm, LatinAmerican Society of Hypertension
Gabriela Borrayo Sánchez
Cardiology Departement, Mexican Social Security Institute, Mexican National Association of Cardiologists
Bryce Alexander
Division of Cardiology, Kingston Health Science Center, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario
Fernando Tomás Lanas Zanetti
Cardiology Department, CIGES, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco
Ricardo López Santi
Cardiology Department, Hospital Italiano de La Plata, Buenos Aires; Argentine Federation of Cardiology
Ana Girleza Múnera-Echeverri
Cardiology Department, Hospital General Medellin Luz Castro de Gutierrez E.S.E. Medellin
Pablo Perel
Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, GB; World Heart Federation, Geneva
Daniel Piskorz
Argentine Federation of Cardiology; Cardiology Department, British Hospital of Rosario, Santa Fe
Carlos Enrique Ruiz-Mori
Cardiology Department, INEN, Lima
Jorge Saucedo
Cardiology Department, Froedtert Hospital and Medical College, Milwaukee
Osiris Valdez
Cardiology Department, Centro Médico Central Romana, La Romana; Central America Society of Hypertension
José Ramón González Juanatey
Cardiology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Spanish Society of Cardiology
Daniel José Piñeiro
World Heart Federation, Geneva, CH; Universidad de Buenos Aires
Fausto J. Pinto
World Heart Federation, Geneva, CH; Cardiology Department, Hospital Santa María; University of Lisbon
Fernando Stuardo Wyss Quintana
InterAmerican Society of Cardiology, AR; Cardiosolutions Guatemala
Background: Cardiovascular mortality is decreasing but remains the leading cause of death world-wide. Respiratory infections such as influenza significantly contribute to morbidity and mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease. Despite of proven benefits, influenza vaccination is not fully implemented, especially in Latin America. Objective: The aim was to develop a regional consensus with recommendations regarding influenza vaccination and cardiovascular disease. Methods: A multidisciplinary team composed by experts in the management and prevention of cardiovascular disease from the Americas, convened by the Inter-American Society of Cardiology (IASC) and the World Heart Federation (WHF), participated in the process and the formulation of statements. The modified RAND/UCLA methodology was used. This document was supported by a grant from the WHF. Results: An extensive literature search was divided into seven questions, and a total of 23 conclusions and 29 recommendations were achieved. There was no disagreement among experts in the conclusions or recommendations. Conclusions: There is a strong correlation between influenza and cardiovascular events. Influenza vaccination is not only safe and a proven strategy to reduce cardiovascular events, but it is also cost saving. We found several barriers for its global implementation and potential strategies to overcome them.
