Non-Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children—Postacute Sequelae of Paediatric COVID-19: Autoimmune or Autoinflammatory? A Systematic Review of the Reported Cases
Antoine Fakhry AbdelMassih,
Maram Hamed Hanafy,
Maryam ElAhmady,
Sylvia Kozman,
Nourine Diab,
Reem Husseiny,
Ashrakat Deyab,
Aalaa Mady,
Alia Yasser,
Amira R. AbdelHalim,
Aya Mohyeldin,
Aya Sayed Serour,
Ayat AbdelGadir,
Eslam Abdelaziz,
Farida ElGhamry,
Hana Amr,
Karim Milad,
Lamya Fouda,
Mawada Hesham,
Mina Adly Riad,
Mohamed Aoun,
Rana AbdelTawab,
Rana Sayed,
Salma ElSenbawy,
Sara ElAhmady Abdelkhalek,
Nada Gamal,
Yasmin Omar
Affiliations
Antoine Fakhry AbdelMassih
Pediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt
Maram Hamed Hanafy
Students, Interns and Residents’ Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt
Maryam ElAhmady
Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Galala University, Suez 43511, Egypt
Sylvia Kozman
Student and Interns’ Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11517, Egypt
Nourine Diab
Student and Interns’ Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, New Giza University, New Giza 12256, Egypt
Reem Husseiny
Students, Interns and Residents’ Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt
Ashrakat Deyab
Students, Interns and Residents’ Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt
Aalaa Mady
Students, Interns and Residents’ Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt
Alia Yasser
Students, Interns and Residents’ Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt
Amira R. AbdelHalim
Students, Interns and Residents’ Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt
Aya Mohyeldin
Students, Interns and Residents’ Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt
Aya Sayed Serour
Students, Interns and Residents’ Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt
Ayat AbdelGadir
Students, Interns and Residents’ Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt
Eslam Abdelaziz
Hull University Teaching Hospital, Hull HU3 2JZ, UK
Farida ElGhamry
Students, Interns and Residents’ Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt
Hana Amr
Students, Interns and Residents’ Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt
Karim Milad
Students, Interns and Residents’ Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt
Lamya Fouda
Students, Interns and Residents’ Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt
Mawada Hesham
Student and Interns’ Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, New Giza University, New Giza 12256, Egypt
Mina Adly Riad
Students, Interns and Residents’ Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt
Mohamed Aoun
Students, Interns and Residents’ Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt
Rana AbdelTawab
Students, Interns and Residents’ Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt
Rana Sayed
Students, Interns and Residents’ Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt
Salma ElSenbawy
Student and Interns’ Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, New Giza University, New Giza 12256, Egypt
Sara ElAhmady Abdelkhalek
Residents’ Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
Nada Gamal
Students, Interns and Residents’ Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt
Yasmin Omar
Students, Interns and Residents’ Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt
Three years after its emergence, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to be a leading cause of worldwide morbidity and mortality. This systematic review comprises relevant case reports that discuss non-multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (non-MIS-C) and postacute sequalae of COVID-19 (PASC) in the paediatric population, also known as long COVID syndrome. The study aims to highlight the prevalent time interval between COVID-19 and the development of non-MIS-C post-infectious sequalae (PIS). Databases were searched for studies that met our inclusion and exclusion criteria. The final screening revealed an equal sex distribution where the commonest age intervals were school-age and adolescence, with 38% of the patients being older than six years. Interestingly, hospital admission during the course of COVID-19 was not a predictor of the subsequent PASC; forty-nine patients (44.9%) were hospitalized while sixty patients (55.1%) were not hospitalized. Moreover, the most predominant time interval between COVID-19 and the developing PASC was within 14 days from the start of COVID-19 infection (61%). These findings suggest a crucial link between COVID-19 and immune PIS in the paediatric population, especially those older than six years. Accordingly, follow-up and management are encouraged in case of unusual symptoms and signs following COVID-19 infection, regardless of the COVID-19 infection severity.
