Serum creatinine/cystatin C ratio as a screening tool for sarcopenia and prognostic indicator for patients with esophageal cancer

Abstract

Abstract Background & aims Sarcopenia is associated with poor clinical outcomes of patients who underwent esophagectomy. The current diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia are complex and laborious. We aimed to employ the simple and economic indicator sarcopenia index (SI = creatinine/cystatin C ×100) to screen for sarcopenia and to evaluate its prognostic value in patients with esophageal cancer (EC). Methods Older participants in the National health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES) database (1999–2002) were divided into three groups according to tertiles of the SI value to explore the feasibility of SI in the diagnosis of sarcopenia. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) was utilized to show the non-linear relationship between all-cause mortality and SI. Patients with EC admitted to Jinling Hospital were enrolled to validate the efficacy and prognostic value of SI. Cut-off values of SI were determined using receiver operating characteristic curves. Multivariable logistic analyses and Cox analyses were used to identify the independent factors of postoperative complications and long-term survival, respectively. Results A total of 989 participants were identified from the NHANES database. SI showed the diagnostic value of sarcopenia (tertile 1 vs. tertile 3: odds ratio [OR]=3.67, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.52–8.87, p=0.004; tertile 2 vs. tertile 3: OR=1.79, 95% CI: 0.75–4.28, p=0.191) adjusted for race, gender, and body mass index (BMI). Individuals with SI ≤ 68 had a poorer overall survival (OS) (hazard ratio [HR]=2.14, 95% CI: 1.71–2.68, p<0.001), and the RCS plot showed that the all-cause mortality risk gradually decreased with the increase in SI. Then, 203 patients with EC were enrolled, of which 76 patients were diagnosed with sarcopenia. There was a linear correlation between SI and skeletal muscle index and prealbumin, indicating that SI was reliable for diagnosing sarcopenia. Patients in the high sarcopenia risk group (Male: SI < 62; Female: SI < 55) showed a higher incidence of complications (OR=3.50, 95% CI: 1.85–6.61, p<0.001) and poorer long-term survival (HR=2.62, 95% CI: 1.02–6.77, p=0.046). Conclusion SI could be used to identify sarcopenia in patients with EC, and it is a useful prognostic factor of postoperative complications and long-term survival.

Keywords

• Sarcopenia index
• NHANES
• Esophageal cancer
• Sarcopenia
• Prognosis