Large broad-leaved canopy of banana (Musa nana Lour.) induces dramatically high spatial–temporal variability of throughfall

Abstract

Throughfall (TF) is an important water input of rainfall redistribution into floor, and its spatial–temporal variability under some species' canopies has been documented to evaluate effect on splash erosion. However, the understanding of TF variability under large broad-leaved canopy remains insufficient. In this study, the spatial heterogeneity, temporal stability and drop size of TF were quantified using variogram fitting, normalised ranking and filter paper staining, respectively, under banana (Musa nana Lour.) canopy comprising long and wide leaves. Results indicated TF pattern showed strong spatial correlation at a range of 3–5 m. High spatial variability of TF was found, which was affected by rainfall event size and was accompanied by great canopy disturbance. TF plots revealed high time variability, which was mainly controlled by unstable banana canopy structure. TF drop size from leaf dripping points varied in 3–10 mm and showed significant differences (p < 0.05) among five kinds of leaf shapes, implying that concave and broken banana leaves were involved in the variability of TF drop size. Overall, results demonstrate the spatial–temporal variability of TF is dramatically induced by banana canopy with broad leaves, which may result in non-uniform soil water content and splash erosion under the canopy. HIGHLIGHTS The specific banana canopy notably modifies spatial-temporal variability of throughfall.; The spatial variability of throughfall was high and correlated with the rainfall event size.; The spatial pattern of throughfall showed low time stability based on multi-temporal levels.; Drop size of throughfall at different leaf shapes showed variable distribution in 3–10 mm.;

Keywords

• drop size
• large broad-leaved canopy
• spatial variability
• temporal stability
• throughfall