Mitigating underreported error in food frequency questionnaire data using a supervised machine learning method and error adjustment algorithm

Abstract

Abstract Background Food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) are one of the most useful tools for studying and understanding diet-disease relationships. However, because FFQs are self-reported data, they are susceptible to response bias, social desirability bias, and misclassification. Currently, several methods have been created to combat these issues by modelling the measurement error in diet-disease relationships. Method In this paper, a novel machine learning method is proposed to adjust for measurement error found in misreported data by using a random forest (RF) classifier to label the responses in the FFQ based on the input dataset and creating an algorithm that adjusts the measurement error. We demonstrate this method by addressing underreporting in selected FFQ responses. Result According to the results, we have high model accuracies ranging from 78% to 92% in participant collected data and 88% in simulated data. Conclusion This shows that our proposed method of using a RF classifier and an error adjustment algorithm is efficient to correct most of the underreported entries in the FFQ dataset and could be used independent of diet-disease models. This could help nutrition researchers and other experts to use dietary data estimated by FFQs with less measurement error and create models from the data with minimal noise.

Keywords

• Food frequency questionnaire
• Machine learning
• Supervised learning
• Underreporting
• Measurement error
• Error adjustment model