Advanced Ankle and Foot Sonoanatomy: Imaging Beyond the Basics
Chen-Yu Hung,
Ke-Vin Chang,
Kamal Mezian,
Ondřej Naňka,
Wei-Ting Wu,
Po-Cheng Hsu,
Levent Özçakar
Affiliations
Chen-Yu Hung
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital, Bei-Hu Branch, 10845 Taipei, Taiwan
Ke-Vin Chang
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital, Bei-Hu Branch, 10845 Taipei, Taiwan
Kamal Mezian
Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic
Ondřej Naňka
Institute of Anatomy, Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic
Wei-Ting Wu
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital, Bei-Hu Branch, 10845 Taipei, Taiwan
Po-Cheng Hsu
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital, Bei-Hu Branch, 10845 Taipei, Taiwan
Levent Özçakar
Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Hacettepe University Medical School, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
Ankle/foot pain is a common complaint encountered in clinical practice. Currently, due to the complex anatomy, the diagnosis and management of the underlying musculoskeletal disorders are extremely challenging. Nowadays, high-resolution ultrasound has emerged as the first-line tool to evaluate musculoskeletal disorders. There have been several existing protocols describing the fundamental sonoanatomy of ankle/foot joints. However, there are certain anatomic structures (e.g., Lisfranc ligament complex or Baxter nerve) which are also clinically important. As they are rarely elaborated in the available literature, a comprehensive review is necessary. In this regard, the present article aims to brief the regional anatomy, illustrate the scanning techniques, and emphasize the clinical relevance of the ankle/foot region.
