Актуальні питання суспільних наук та історії медицини (Dec 2015)
Соціокультурні особливості російського соціал-демократичного руху і проблема ідентичності російсько-єврейської інтелігенції в Російській імперії / Social and cultural peculiarities of Russian socio-democratic movement and the problem of identity of Russian-Jewish intelligentsia in the Russian Empire
Abstract
Безаров Олександр. Соціокультурні особливості російського соціал-демократичного руху і проблема ідентичності російсько-єврейської інтелігенції в Російській імперії. В статті проаналізовано соціокультурні особливості російського соціал-демократичного руху на прикладі кризи ідентичності російсько-єврейської інтелігенції в Російській імперії. Зокрема, висунуто гіпотезу про те, що соціалдемократична ідеологія революційної боротьби могла бути новим смисловим центром політичної ідентичності російсько-єврейської інтелігенції, яка виявилася здатною пожертвувати своїм національним минулим заради соціального майбутнього. Ключові слова: соціал-демократія, революційність, євреї, інтелігенція, Російська імперія. Bezarov Alexandr. Social and cultural peculiarities of Russian socio-democratic movement and the problem of identity of Russian-Jewish intelligentsia in the Russian Empire. At the turn of the 19th – 20th century in the socio-cultural space of Russian Empire there were complex processes of the interaction of a traditional patriarchal society and the world of a big city, that were accompanied by sharp political conflicts between the traditional culture of medieval archaic and new social and cultural reality of urban civilization. Russian SocialDemocracy was n the midst of such contradictions and conflicts because it tried to “Europenize” Russian socialism, which under the conditions of post-feudal Russian society could hardly bring significant political success without profound revolutionary transformations of political and socio-economic system of the Russian Empire. Russian and Jewish intelligentsia, because of the wellknown reasons, was clamped between modern nationalism of the city and obscure socialism of peasant world. The radicalization of political views of some representatives of Russian-Jewish intelligentsia, in response to increasing pressure of modernization processes, had splashed into the intensification of their revolutionary activity in the ranks of Russian Socio-Democratic Labour Party. Recognized leaders of this party were D.B. Ryazanov and Y.O. Martov. Passion to revolutionary romanticism and construction of the party were dictated not so much by the requirements of social justice, as by crisis of their own identity. Marxism, as a revolutionary ideology, was more popular namely in the “Jewish street” of the Russian Empire, as it was able to meet the social needs of small-town poor people, and to protect them from the anti -Semitic rhetoric, which became more and more aggressive Anti-Semitism always reminded to the Jew about his past life, even when it opposed strongly against such a life. Russian Social-Democratic movement was appeared as the natural reaction of Russian and Jewish intelligentsia to the challenges of European modernization, the one of the manifestation of which had been Marxism. In the search of lost identity Russian-Jewish intelligentsia has found new meanings in the revolutionary mythology of “proletarian culture”, which by its religious appeal could not only compete with the mythology of nationalism, but also become a center of political identity for a certain part of Russian-Jewish intelligentsia. Key words: social democracy, revolutionary character, Jews, intelligentsia, Russian Empire.
