Droplet to soliton crossover at negative temperature in presence of bi-periodic optical lattices

Abstract

Abstract It is shown that the phenomenon of negative temperature essentially occurs in Bose-Einstein condensate due to the realization of the upper bound energy state utilizing a combination of expulsive harmonic oscillator and optical lattice potentials. We study the existence of quantum droplets at negative temperature and droplet-to-soliton crossover in the binary Bose-Einstein condensate mixture in the presence of bi-periodic optical lattices and expulsive-BOL confinements. Based on the beyond mean field approximation, we employ the extended Gross-Pitäevskii equation and calculate the exact analytical form of wavefunction solutions for BOL, expulsive-BOL confinements. An interesting transition of quantum droplets from positive to negative temperatures and the droplet-to-soliton crossover by modulating the disorder in BOL potential are illustrated. The affirmation of such crossover is performed by exploring the profile of atomic condensate density which smoothly transits from being a flat top density in optical lattice confinement to a bright soliton for BOL trap. Further, we confirm the crossover by exploring the energy per particle and the variation in the root mean square size of the condensate with respect to the potential depth of the BOL trap. Eventually, all of this aid us to construct a phase diagram in a space between the amplitude of BOL potential depth and particle number which reveals the formation of droplet and soliton phases. In expulsive-BOL confinement, it is seen that the impact of the expulsive trap is insignificant on atomic condensate density in the droplet phase and it becomes prominent in the soliton region. Further, the variation of total energy reveals that the amplitude of the expulsive oscillator strengthens the droplet phase and leads to an increase in the negative temperature of the considered system.