Impact of Industrially Affected Soil on Humans: A Soil-Human and Soil-Plant-Human Exposure Assessment
Yeasmin N. Jolly,
Md. Refat Jahan Rakib,
M. Sadman Sakib,
M. Ashemus Shahadat,
Arafat Rahman,
Shirin Akter,
Jamiul Kabir,
M. Safiur Rahman,
Bilkis A. Begum,
Rubina Rahman,
Abdelmoneim Sulieman,
Nissren Tamam,
Mayeen Uddin Khandaker,
Abubakr M. Idris
Affiliations
Yeasmin N. Jolly
Atmospheric and Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Atomic Energy Centre, P.O. Box 164, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
Md. Refat Jahan Rakib
Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh
M. Sadman Sakib
Department of Physics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
M. Ashemus Shahadat
Department of Physics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
Arafat Rahman
Department of Soil, Water and Environment, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
Shirin Akter
Atmospheric and Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Atomic Energy Centre, P.O. Box 164, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
Jamiul Kabir
Atmospheric and Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Atomic Energy Centre, P.O. Box 164, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
M. Safiur Rahman
Atmospheric and Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Atomic Energy Centre, P.O. Box 164, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
Bilkis A. Begum
Atmospheric and Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Atomic Energy Centre, P.O. Box 164, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
Rubina Rahman
Department of Physics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
Abdelmoneim Sulieman
Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 422, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
Nissren Tamam
Department of Physics, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
Mayeen Uddin Khandaker
Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
Abubakr M. Idris
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
Heavy metal (HM) contaminated soil can affect human health via ingestion of foodstuffs, inhalation of soil dust, and skin contact of soil. This study estimates the level of some heavy metals in soils of industrial areas, and their exposures to human body via dietary intake of vegetables and other pathways. Mean concentrations of Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, As and Pb in the studied soil were found to be 61.27, 27,274, 42.36, 9.77, 28.08 and 13.69 mg/kg, respectively, while in vegetables the respective values were 0.53, 119.59, 9.76, 7.14, 1.34 and 2.69 mg/kg. Multivariate statistical analysis revealed that Fe, Cu, Zn, and Pb originated from lithogenic sources, while Cr and As are derived from anthropogenic sources. A moderate enrichment was noted by Cr, As, and Pb in the entire sampling site, indicating a progressive depletion of soil quality. The bioaccumulation factor (BCF) value for all the vegetables was recorded as BCF 0.1 was estimated for adults but >1 for children by direct soil exposure, whereas HI < 1 for both children and adults via dietary intake of vegetables. Estimated Total carcinogenic risk (TCR) value due to soil exposure showed safe for adults but unsafe for children, while both the population groups were found to be safe via food consumption. Children are found more vulnerable receptors than adults, and health risks (carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic) via direct soil exposure proved unsafe. Overall, this study can be used as a reference for similar types of studies to evaluate heavy metal contaminated soil impact on the population of Bangladesh and other countries as well.
