Modern Plant Breeding Techniques in Crop Improvement and Genetic Diversity: From Molecular Markers and Gene Editing to Artificial Intelligence—A Critical Review
Lixia Sun,
Mingyu Lai,
Fozia Ghouri,
Muhammad Amjad Nawaz,
Fawad Ali,
Faheem Shehzad Baloch,
Muhammad Azhar Nadeem,
Muhammad Aasim,
Muhammad Qasim Shahid
Affiliations
Lixia Sun
State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
Mingyu Lai
State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
Fozia Ghouri
State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
Muhammad Amjad Nawaz
Education Scientific Center of Nanotechnology, Far Eastern Federal University, 690091 Vladivostok, Russia
Fawad Ali
School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
Faheem Shehzad Baloch
Dapartment of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mersin University, Mersin 33343, Türkiye
Muhammad Azhar Nadeem
Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Sivas University of Science and Technology, Sivas 58140, Türkiye
Muhammad Aasim
Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Sivas University of Science and Technology, Sivas 58140, Türkiye
Muhammad Qasim Shahid
State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
With the development of new technologies in recent years, researchers have made significant progress in crop breeding. Modern breeding differs from traditional breeding because of great changes in technical means and breeding concepts. Whereas traditional breeding initially focused on high yields, modern breeding focuses on breeding orientations based on different crops’ audiences or by-products. The process of modern breeding starts from the creation of material populations, which can be constructed by natural mutagenesis, chemical mutagenesis, physical mutagenesis transfer DNA (T-DNA), Tos17 (endogenous retrotransposon), etc. Then, gene function can be mined through QTL mapping, Bulked-segregant analysis (BSA), Genome-wide association studies (GWASs), RNA interference (RNAi), and gene editing. Then, at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and translational levels, the functions of genes are described in terms of post-translational aspects. This article mainly discusses the application of the above modern scientific and technological methods of breeding and the advantages and limitations of crop breeding and diversity. In particular, the development of gene editing technology has contributed to modern breeding research.
