Frontiers in Immunology (Mar 2022)

Leishmania Major Centrin Gene-Deleted Parasites Generate Skin Resident Memory T-Cell Immune Response Analogous to Leishmanization

  • Nevien Ismail,
  • Subir Karmakar,
  • Parna Bhattacharya,
  • Telly Sepahpour,
  • Kazuyo Takeda,
  • Shinjiro Hamano,
  • Greg Matlashewski,
  • Abhay R. Satoskar,
  • Sreenivas Gannavaram,
  • Ranadhir Dey,
  • Hira L. Nakhasi

DOI
https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.864031
Journal volume & issue
Vol. 13

Abstract

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Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne parasitic disease transmitted through the bite of a sand fly with no available vaccine for humans. Recently, we have developed a live attenuated Leishmania major centrin gene-deleted parasite strain (LmCen-/-) that induced protection against homologous and heterologous challenges. We demonstrated that the protection is mediated by IFN (Interferon) γ-secreting CD4+ T-effector cells and multifunctional T cells, which is analogous to leishmanization. In addition, in a leishmanization model, skin tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells were also shown to be crucial for host protection. In this study, we evaluated the generation and function of skin TRM cells following immunization with LmCen-/- parasites and compared those with leishmanization. We show that immunization with LmCen-/- generated skin CD4+ TRM cells and is supported by the induction of cytokines and chemokines essential for their production and survival similar to leishmanization. Following challenge with wild-type L. major, TRM cells specific to L. major were rapidly recruited and proliferated at the site of infection in the immunized mice. Furthermore, upon challenge, CD4+ TRM cells induce higher levels of IFNγ and Granzyme B in the immunized and leishmanized mice than in non-immunized mice. Taken together, our studies demonstrate that the genetically modified live attenuated LmCen-/- vaccine generates functional CD4+ skin TRM cells, similar to leishmanization, that may play a crucial role in host protection along with effector T cells as shown in our previous study.

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