Viruses (Mar 2023)

Antibody Response to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike and Nucleocapsid Proteins in Patients with Different COVID-19 Clinical Profiles

  • Sinei Ramos Soares,
  • Maria Karoliny da Silva Torres,
  • Sandra Souza Lima,
  • Kevin Matheus Lima de Sarges,
  • Erika Ferreira dos Santos,
  • Mioni Thieli Figueiredo Magalhães de Brito,
  • Andréa Luciana Soares da Silva,
  • Mauro de Meira Leite,
  • Flávia Póvoa da Costa,
  • Marcos Henrique Damasceno Cantanhede,
  • Rosilene da Silva,
  • Adriana de Oliveira Lameira Veríssimo,
  • Izaura Maria Vieira Cayres Vallinoto,
  • Rosimar Neris Martins Feitosa,
  • Juarez Antônio Simões Quaresma,
  • Tânia do Socorro Souza Chaves,
  • Giselle Maria Rachid Viana,
  • Luiz Fábio Magno Falcão,
  • Eduardo José Melo dos Santos,
  • Antonio Carlos Rosário Vallinoto,
  • Andréa Nazaré Monteiro Rangel da Silva

DOI
https://doi.org/10.3390/v15040898
Journal volume & issue
Vol. 15, no. 4
p. 898

Abstract

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The first case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), in Brazil was diagnosed on February 26, 2020. Due to the important epidemiological impact of COVID-19, the present study aimed to analyze the specificity of IgG antibody responses to the S1, S2 and N proteins of SARS-CoV-2 in different COVID-19 clinical profiles. This study enrolled 136 individuals who were diagnosed with or without COVID-19 based on clinical findings and laboratory results and classified as asymptomatic or as having mild, moderate or severe disease. Data collection was performed through a semistructured questionnaire to obtain demographic information and main clinical manifestations. IgG antibody responses to the S1 and S2 subunits of the spike (S) protein and the nucleocapsid (N) protein were evaluated using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The results showed that among the participants, 87.5% (119/136) exhibited IgG responses to the S1 subunit and 88.25% (120/136) to N. Conversely, only 14.44% of the subjects (21/136) displayed S2 subunit responses. When analyzing the IgG antibody response while considering the different proteins of the virus, patients with severe disease had significantly higher antibody responses to N and S1 than asymptomatic individuals (p ≤ 0.0001), whereas most of the participants had low antibody titers against the S2 subunit. In addition, individuals with long COVID-19 showed a greater IgG response profile than those with symptomatology of a short duration. Based on the results of this study, it is concluded that levels of IgG antibodies may be related to the clinical evolution of COVID-19, with high levels of IgG antibodies against S1 and N in severe cases and in individuals with long COVID-19.

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