Symmetry-protected topological exceptional chains in non-Hermitian crystals

Abstract

Abstract In non-Hermitian systems, defective band degeneracies called exceptional points can form exceptional lines (ELs) in 3D momentum space in the absence of any symmetries. However, whether the presence of symmetries can affect the EL configurations had rarely been discussed. Here we show that a natural orientation can be assigned to every EL according to the eigenenergy braiding around it, and we establish the source-free principle of ELs stating that the number of ELs ingoing and outgoing from the junction must be conserved. Based on this principle, we discover that three crystalline-symmetry-based mechanisms can stabilize the junction of ELs, resulting in the formation of various types of exceptional chains (ECs). We further demonstrate that ECs can be observed in prototypical non-Hermitian photonic crystals. Our results combine the effect of non-Hermitian spatiotemporal symmetry and topology to pave the way for understanding and manipulating the morphology of ELs in non-Hermitian crystalline systems.