Purification of Ethyl Linoleate from Foxtail Millet (<i>Setaria italica</i>) Bran Oil via Urea Complexation and Molecular Distillation

Abstract

Foxtail millet (Setaria italica) bran oil is rich in linoleic acid, which accounts for more than 60% of its lipids. Ethyl linoleate (ELA) is a commercially valuable compound with many positive health effects. Here, we optimized two ELA processing steps, urea complexation (UC) and molecular distillation (MD), using single-factor and response surface analyses. We aimed to obtain a highly concentrated ELA at levels that are permitted by current regulations. We identified the optimal conditions as follows: 95% ethanol-to-urea ratio = 15:1 (w/w), urea-to-fatty acid ratio = 2.5:1 (w/w), crystallization time = 15 h, and crystallization temperature = −6 °C. Under these optimal UC conditions, ELA concentration reached 45.06%. The optimal MD purification conditions were established as follows: distillation temperature = 145 °C and vacuum pressure = 1.0–5.0 × 10−2 mbar. Under these conditions, ELA purity increased to 60.45%. Together, UC and MD were effective in improving the total concentration of ELA in the final product. This work shows the best conditions for separating and purifying ELA from foxtail millet bran oil by UC and MD.

Keywords

• foxtail millet (<i>Setaria italica</i>) bran oil
• ethyl linoleate (ELA)
• urea complexation (UC)
• molecular distillation (MD)
• gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS)