Solid-state lithium batteries: Safety and prospects
Yong Guo,
Shichao Wu,
Yan-Bing He,
Feiyu Kang,
Liquan Chen,
Hong Li,
Quan-Hong Yang
Affiliations
Yong Guo
Nanoyang Group, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
Shichao Wu
Nanoyang Group, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China; Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, China; Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China; Corresponding authors.
Yan-Bing He
Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
Feiyu Kang
Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
Liquan Chen
Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
Hong Li
Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; Corresponding authors.
Quan-Hong Yang
Nanoyang Group, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China; Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, China; Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, China; Corresponding authors.
Solid-state lithium batteries are flourishing due to their excellent potential energy density. Substantial efforts have been made to improve their electrochemical performance by increasing the conductivity of solid-state electrolytes (SEs) and designing a compatible battery configuration. The safety of a solid lithium battery has generally been taken for granted due to the nonflammability and strength of SEs. However, recent results have shown the release of dangerous gases and intense heat due to the formation of lithium dendrites, indicating the safety of solid-state lithium batteries may have been overestimated. In this review, we introduce a safety evaluation methodology, then focus on the garnet Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) and sulfide-based SEs, summarizing their structure, conductivity, compatibility with a lithium metal anode, electrochemical/chemical stability, and mechanical/thermal stability, which correlate closely with battery safety. We also evaluate the safety of all-solid-state lithium batteries, then conclude by discussing future avenues for improving the safety of SE-based batteries.
