Assessment of in-vitro bioactivity, biodegradability and antibacterial activity of polymer-derived 3D printed åkermanite scaffolds
Fulden Dogrul,
Vera Bednarzig,
Hamada Elsayed,
Liliana Liverani,
Dušan Galusek,
Enrico Bernardo,
Aldo R. Boccaccini
Affiliations
Fulden Dogrul
FunGlass – Centre for Functional and Surface Functionalized Glass, Alexander Dubček University of Trenčín, Trenčín, Slovakia; Department of Industrial Engineering, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy; Institute of Biomaterials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Cauerstraße 6, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
Vera Bednarzig
Institute of Biomaterials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Cauerstraße 6, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
Hamada Elsayed
Department of Industrial Engineering, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy; Department of Glass Research, National Research Centre, Egypt
Liliana Liverani
Institute of Biomaterials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Cauerstraße 6, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; DGS S.p.A., Rome, Italy
Dušan Galusek
FunGlass – Centre for Functional and Surface Functionalized Glass, Alexander Dubček University of Trenčín, Trenčín, Slovakia; Joint Glass Centre of the IIC SAS, TnU AD and FChFT STU, Centre for Functional and Surface Functionalized Glass, TnUAD, Trenčín, Slovakia
Enrico Bernardo
Department of Industrial Engineering, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy; Corresponding author.
Aldo R. Boccaccini
Institute of Biomaterials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Cauerstraße 6, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; Corresponding author.
Reticulated åkermanite (Ca2MgSi2O7) 3D scaffolds were fabricated by direct ink writing of pastes based on a commercial silicone resin and fillers, such as calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) microparticles, followed by heat treatment at 1100 °C in air. To form liquid phase upon firing and thus promote the ionic interdiffusion, borax (Na2B4O7·10H2O) or hydrated sodium phosphate (Na2HPO4·12H2O) were considered as alternative additives. Although leading to scaffolds with different strength-to-density ratio, the two additives did not lead to substantial differences in terms of biological response. All fabricated ceramics exhibited acellular in-vitro bioactivity upon immersion in simulated-body-fluid (SBF) as well as antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli. Direct contact cell viability test, performed with a stromal-cell line from mouse bone marrow (ST-2 cells), indicated no cytotoxicity of both samples determined by the WST-8 assay.
