A Review of the Impact of Climate Change on the Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematode Infections in Small Ruminants and Wildlife in Tropical Conditions
Carlos Ramón Bautista-Garfias,
Gloria Sarahi Castañeda-Ramírez,
Zaira Magdalena Estrada-Reyes,
Filippe Elias de Freitas Soares,
Javier Ventura-Cordero,
Pedro Geraldo González-Pech,
Erick R. Morgan,
Jesús Soria-Ruiz,
Guillermo López-Guillén,
Liliana Aguilar-Marcelino
Affiliations
Carlos Ramón Bautista-Garfias
National Center for Disciplinary Research in Animal Health and Safety (INIFAP), Km 11 Federal Road Cuernavaca-Cuautla, Jiutepec 62550, MR, Mexico
Gloria Sarahi Castañeda-Ramírez
National Center for Disciplinary Research in Animal Health and Safety (INIFAP), Km 11 Federal Road Cuernavaca-Cuautla, Jiutepec 62550, MR, Mexico
Zaira Magdalena Estrada-Reyes
Department of Animal Science, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
Filippe Elias de Freitas Soares
Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, MG, Brazil
Javier Ventura-Cordero
School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5BL, UK
Pedro Geraldo González-Pech
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Yucatán, Km 15.5 Road Mérida-Xmatkuil, Mérida 97100, YU, Mexico
Erick R. Morgan
School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5BL, UK
Jesús Soria-Ruiz
Geomatics Lab, National Institute of Research for Forestry Agricultural and Livestock (INIFAP), Zinacantepec 52107, MX, Mexico
Guillermo López-Guillén
National Institute of Research for Forestry Agricultural and Livestock (INIFAP), Experimental Station Rosario Izapa, Tuxtla Chico 30780, CS, Mexico
Liliana Aguilar-Marcelino
National Center for Disciplinary Research in Animal Health and Safety (INIFAP), Km 11 Federal Road Cuernavaca-Cuautla, Jiutepec 62550, MR, Mexico
Climate change is causing detrimental changes in living organisms, including pathogens. This review aimed to determine how climate change has impacted livestock system management, and consequently, what factors influenced the gastrointestinal nematodes epidemiology in small ruminants under tropical conditions. The latter is orientated to find out the possible solutions responding to climate change adverse effects. Climate factors that affect the patterns of transmission of gastrointestinal parasites of domesticated ruminants are reviewed. Climate change has modified the behavior of several animal species, including parasites. For this reason, new control methods are required for controlling parasitic infections in livestock animals. After a pertinent literature analysis, conclusions and perspectives of control are given.
