Étude géographique des facteurs de risque d'une transmission différenciée du paludisme dans les quartiers Kennedy et Dar-Es-Salam 1 dans la ville de Bouaké (Côte d'Ivoire)

Abstract

Malaria is a parasitic vector disease whose transmission is linked to a combination of multiple factors related to the vector, the parasite, the human host and its environment. In addition to the high prevalence in the tropical zone, the endemic malaria area, there are significant disparities in the transmission of the disease between rural and urban areas, where the highest prevalence of malaria is observed, but also within the cities themselves. While the city, which appears to be unfavourable to the vector and should therefore contribute to reducing malaria transmission, can be observed to maintain it. However, the transmission is uneven because of certain intrinsic characteristics of the city described as heterogeneous, dense and open. In Bouaké, the second largest city in the Ivory Coast after Abidjan, several years of military-political crisis have resulted in emptying some neighborhoods where the bush has regained ground, increasing the density where populations have remained, disrupting the health care system and weakening the economic power of the city dwellers. Using a geographical approach, our study aimed to measure the risk of malaria transmission in urban sub-spaces illustrating the changes undergone by the city during the crisis and to identify the factors that make it possible to explain the spatial disparities in the distribution of malaria. A geographical survey identified Kennedy and Dar-Es-Salam 1 as urban sub-spaces. An update of land use was conducted using field surveys and Google Earth to establish a geographical database for use in the analysis of sociological, parasitological and entomological data which were collected during several field surveys. The land use update showed that only 50.5% of the developed lots were inhabited in Kennedy, compared with 91.5% in Dar-Es-Salam 1. Parasitological data showed that the prevalence of malaria was significantly higher at Kennedy (33.5%) compared to Dar-Es-Salam 1 (10.2%) (p = 0.0001). Similarly, the aggressiveness of vector mosquitoes (Anopheles gambiae s.l.) was higher in Kennedy (20.6 p / h / n) than in Dar-Es-Salam 1 (1.2 p / h / n) (p = 0.0001). Sociological surveys revealed a different use of prevention tools by neighborhood, but rates of possession of long-lasting treated mosquito nets and ways of seeking care were similar. Results showed significant spatial disparities in the transmission of malaria in the two neighborhoods studied, while the practices of prevention and health care do not really differ.

Keywords

• malaria
• Anopheles gambiae
• land use
• human behaviours