Deciphering the Gut–Liver Axis: A Comprehensive Scientific Review of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Samradhi Singh,
Mona Kriti,
Roberto Catanzaro,
Francesco Marotta,
Mustafa Malvi,
Ajay Jain,
Vinod Verma,
Ravinder Nagpal,
Rajnarayan Tiwari,
Manoj Kumar
Affiliations
Samradhi Singh
ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462030, India
Mona Kriti
ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462030, India
Roberto Catanzaro
Internal Medicine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Service, University Hospital Policlinico “G. Rodolico”, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
Francesco Marotta
ReGenera Research Group for Aging-Intervention, 20144 Milano, Italy
Mustafa Malvi
Choithram Hospital and Research Centre Indore, Indore 452014, India
Ajay Jain
Choithram Hospital and Research Centre Indore, Indore 452014, India
Vinod Verma
Stem Cell Research Centre, Department of Hematology, Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India
Ravinder Nagpal
Department of Nutrition & Integrative Physiology, College of Health & Human Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
Rajnarayan Tiwari
ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462030, India
Manoj Kumar
ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462030, India
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has emerged as a significant global health issue. The condition is closely linked to metabolic dysfunctions such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. The gut–liver axis, a bidirectional communication pathway between the liver and the gut, plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. This review delves into the mechanisms underlying the gut–liver axis, exploring the influence of gut microbiota, intestinal permeability, and inflammatory pathways. This review also explores the potential therapeutic strategies centered on modulating gut microbiota such as fecal microbiota transplantation; phage therapy; and the use of specific probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics in managing NAFLD. By understanding these interactions, we can better comprehend the development and advancement of NAFLD and identify potential therapeutic targets.