Label-Free and Sensitive Determination of Cadmium Ions Using a Ti-Modified Co₃O₄-Based Electrochemical Aptasensor

Abstract

The current work demonstrates an electrochemical aptasensor for sensitive determination of Cd2+ based on the Ti-modified Co3O4 nanoparticles. In this unlabeled system, Ti-modified Co3O4 nanoparticles act as current signal amplifiers modified on the screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) surface, while the derivative aptamer of Cd2+ works as a target recognizer. In addition, the sensing is based on the increase in electrochemical probe thionine current signal due to the binding of aptamer to Cd2+ via specific recognition. In the current study, key parameters, including aptamer concentration, pH, and incubation time were optimized, respectively, to ensure sensing performance. Cyclic voltammetry was used not only to characterize each preparation and optimization step, but also to profile the bindings of aptamer to Cd2+. Under optimal conditions, Cd2+ can be determined in a linear range of 0.20 to 15 ng/mL, with a detection limit of 0.49 ng/mL, significantly below the maximum concentration limit set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Based on comparative analysis and the results of recovery test with real samples, this simple, label-free but highly selective method has considerable potential and thus can be used as an in-situ environmental monitoring platform for Cd2+ testing.

Keywords

• aptamer
• cadmium
• cyclic voltammetry
• electrochemical aptasensor
• Ti-modified Co₃O₄