Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Therapeutic Use and in Bioengineering Applications
Caroline McLaughlin,
Pallab Datta,
Yogendra P. Singh,
Alexis Lo,
Summer Horchler,
Irina A. Elcheva,
Ibrahim T. Ozbolat,
Dino J. Ravnic,
Srinivas V. Koduru
Affiliations
Caroline McLaughlin
Department of Surgery, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
Pallab Datta
Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Kolkata, West Bengal 700054, India
Yogendra P. Singh
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
Alexis Lo
Department of Surgery, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
Summer Horchler
Department of Surgery, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
Irina A. Elcheva
Department of Pediatrics, Hematology/Oncology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
Ibrahim T. Ozbolat
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
Dino J. Ravnic
Department of Surgery, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
Srinivas V. Koduru
Department of Surgery, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small lipid bilayer-delimited particles that are naturally released from cells into body fluids, and therefore can travel and convey regulatory functions in the distal parts of the body. EVs can transmit paracrine signaling by carrying over cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, interleukins (ILs), transcription factors, and nucleic acids such as DNA, mRNAs, microRNAs, piRNAs, lncRNAs, sn/snoRNAs, mtRNAs and circRNAs; these EVs travel to predecided destinations to perform their functions. While mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been shown to improve healing and facilitate treatments of various diseases, the allogenic use of these cells is often accompanied by serious adverse effects after transplantation. MSC-produced EVs are less immunogenic and can serve as an alternative to cellular therapies by transmitting signaling or delivering biomaterials to diseased areas of the body. This review article is focused on understanding the properties of EVs derived from different types of MSCs and MSC–EV-based therapeutic options. The potential of modern technologies such as 3D bioprinting to advance EV-based therapies is also discussed.
