Functional transformation of settlements in coal exploitation zones: A case study of the municipality of Stanari in Republic of Srpska (Bosnia and Herzegovina)

Abstract

This study explores how long-term surface coal exploitation has affected the distribution of economic functions and contributed to hierarchical changes within the settlement network of the municipality of Stanari. The aim of this study is to contribute to a broader understanding of the spatial consequences of intensive resource exploitation on settlement systems. Using the case study of Stanari, the analysis focuses on changes resulting from ongoing mining activities. The most pronounced transformations occurred in settlements near the mine, where exploitation led to increased employment in industry and services, while more distant settlements retained their functional type with minor modifications. Centrality analysis indicates shifts in the hierarchical position of settlements. The geographic information system was utilized as a key analytical tool for spatial modeling and visualization of functional transformations within the settlement network, providing deeper insight into the spatial-functional changes caused by coal exploitation. To assess future transformation, a survey was conducted, examining the relationship between place of residence and attitudes toward potential relocation and employment. The results show a statistically significant association between these decisions and respondents’ spatial affiliation, suggesting possible future changes in the functional structure and hierarchy of the settlement network. The findings of this study offer a broader contribution to the understanding of spatial and functional dynamics in areas affected by intensive resource exploitation. They provide important insights for planning strategies aimed at supporting the local population and guiding decision-making processes in Stanari and similar regions, which may be valuable to local governments and relevant ministries, by informing spatial planning and management of resource exploitation. Furthermore, the study highlights the importance of employment dynamics and workforce retention as critical factors for ensuring both demographic and economic sustainability in areas affected by mining-induced transformations. The ultimate goal remains maintaining demographic stability and preserving the long-term functional integrity of the settlement network.

Keywords

• settlement network
• settlement functions
• functional shifts
• hierarchy of settlements
• coal exploitation
• surface mining
• gis
• municipality of stanari
• republic of srpska
• bosnia and herzegovina