Mathematics (Apr 2023)
Imbalanced Ectopic Beat Classification Using a Low-Memory-Usage CNN LMUEBCNet and Correlation-Based ECG Signal Oversampling
Abstract
Objective: This study presents a low-memory-usage ectopic beat classification convolutional neural network (CNN) (LMUEBCNet) and a correlation-based oversampling (Corr-OS) method for ectopic beat data augmentation. Methods: A LMUEBCNet classifier consists of four VGG-based convolution layers and two fully connected layers with the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) spectrogram of a QRS complex (0.712 s) segment as the input of the LMUEBCNet. A Corr-OS method augmented a synthetic beat using the top K correlation heartbeat of all mixed subjects for balancing the training set. This study validates data via a 10-fold cross-validation in the following three scenarios: training/testing with native data (CV1), training/testing with augmented data (CV2), and training with augmented data but testing with native data (CV3). Experiments: The PhysioNet MIT-BIH arrhythmia ECG database was used for verifying the proposed algorithm. This database consists of a total of 109,443 heartbeats categorized into five classes according to AAMI EC57: non-ectopic beats (N), supraventricular ectopic beats (S), ventricular ectopic beats (V), a fusion of ventricular and normal beats (F), and unknown beats (Q), with 90,586/2781/7236/803/8039 heartbeats, respectively. Three pre-trained CNNs: AlexNet/ResNet18/VGG19 were utilized in this study to compare the ectopic beat classification performance of the LMUEBCNet. The effectiveness of using Corr-OS data augmentation was determined by comparing (1) with/without using the Corr-OS method and (2) the Next-OS data augmentation method. Next-OS augmented the synthetic beat using the next heartbeat of one subject. Results: The proposed LMUEBCNet can achieve a 99.4% classification accuracy under the CV2 and CV3 cross-validation scenarios. The accuracy of the proposed LMUEBCNet is 0.4–0.5% less than the performance obtained from AlexNet/ResNet18/VGG19 under the same data augmentation and cross-validation scenario, but the parameter usage is only 10% or less than that of the AlexNet/ResNet18/VGG19 method. The proposed Corr-OS method can improve ectopic beat classification accuracy by 0.3%. Conclusion: This study developed a LMUEBCNet that can achieve a high ectopic beat classification accuracy with efficient parameter usage and utilized the Corr-OS method for balancing datasets to improve the classification performance.
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