Perspectives on the Future of Ice Nucleation Research: Research Needs and Unanswered Questions Identified from Two International Workshops
Ivan Coluzza,
Jessie Creamean,
Michel J. Rossi,
Heike Wex,
Peter Aaron Alpert,
Valentino Bianco,
Yvonne Boose,
Christoph Dellago,
Laura Felgitsch,
Janine Fröhlich-Nowoisky,
Hartmut Herrmann,
Swetlana Jungblut,
Zamin A. Kanji,
Georg Menzl,
Bruce Moffett,
Clemens Moritz,
Anke Mutzel,
Ulrich Pöschl,
Michael Schauperl,
Jan Scheel,
Emiliano Stopelli,
Frank Stratmann,
Hinrich Grothe,
David G. Schmale
Affiliations
Ivan Coluzza
Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Wien, Austria
Jessie Creamean
Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, R/PSD, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
Michel J. Rossi
Paul Scherrer Institut, Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
Heike Wex
Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Permoserstr. 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
Peter Aaron Alpert
University Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5256, IRCELYON, Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et L’environnement de Lyon, 2 avenue Albert Einstein, F-69626 Villeurbanne, France
Valentino Bianco
Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Wien, Austria
Yvonne Boose
Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
Christoph Dellago
Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Wien, Austria
Laura Felgitsch
Institute of Materials Chemistry (E165), Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/BC/1, A-1060 Wien, Austria
Janine Fröhlich-Nowoisky
Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner Weg 1, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
Hartmut Herrmann
Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Permoserstr. 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
Swetlana Jungblut
Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Wien, Austria
Zamin A. Kanji
Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
Georg Menzl
Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Wien, Austria
Bruce Moffett
Ocean Lab, Fishguard, Pembrokeshire SA65 9HH UK
Clemens Moritz
Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Wien, Austria
Anke Mutzel
Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Permoserstr. 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
Ulrich Pöschl
Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner Weg 1, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
Michael Schauperl
Institut für Allgemeine, Anorganische und Theoretische Chemie, Centrum für Chemie und Biomedizin, Innrain 80-82, Innsbruck, Austria
Jan Scheel
Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner Weg 1, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
Emiliano Stopelli
Environmental Geosciences, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 30, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
Frank Stratmann
Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Permoserstr. 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
Hinrich Grothe
Institute of Materials Chemistry (E165), Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/BC/1, A-1060 Wien, Austria
David G. Schmale
Institute of Materials Chemistry (E165), Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/BC/1, A-1060 Wien, Austria
There has been increasing interest in ice nucleation research in the last decade. To identify important gaps in our knowledge of ice nucleation processes and their impacts, two international workshops on ice nucleation were held in Vienna, Austria in 2015 and 2016. Experts from these workshops identified the following research needs: (1) uncovering the molecular identity of active sites for ice nucleation; (2) the importance of modeling for the understanding of heterogeneous ice nucleation; (3) identifying and quantifying contributions of biological ice nuclei from natural and managed environments; (4) examining the role of aging in ice nuclei; (5) conducting targeted sampling campaigns in clouds; and (6) designing lab and field experiments to increase our understanding of the role of ice-nucleating particles in the atmosphere. Interdisciplinary teams of scientists should work together to establish and maintain a common, unified language for ice nucleation research. A number of commercial applications benefit from ice nucleation research, including the production of artificial snow, the freezing and preservation of water-containing food products, and the potential modulation of weather. Additional work is needed to increase our understanding of ice nucleation processes and potential impacts on precipitation, water availability, climate change, crop health, and feedback cycles.
