Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Antidiabetic Activities of <i>Ajuga iva</i> (L.)
Soukaina Saidi,
Firdaous Remok,
Nadia Handaq,
Aziz Drioiche,
Aman Allah Gourich,
Naoual El Menyiy,
Smail Amalich,
Mohamed Elouardi,
Hanane Touijer,
Mohamed Bouhrim,
Latifa Bouissane,
Hiba-Allah Nafidi,
Yousef A. Bin Jardan,
Mohammed Bourhia,
Touriya Zair
Affiliations
Soukaina Saidi
Research Team of Bioactive Molecules and Environment Chemistry, Laboratory of Innovative Materials and Biotechnology of Natural Resources, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes 50070, Morocco
Firdaous Remok
Research Team of Bioactive Molecules and Environment Chemistry, Laboratory of Innovative Materials and Biotechnology of Natural Resources, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes 50070, Morocco
Nadia Handaq
Research Team of Bioactive Molecules and Environment Chemistry, Laboratory of Innovative Materials and Biotechnology of Natural Resources, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes 50070, Morocco
Aziz Drioiche
Research Team of Bioactive Molecules and Environment Chemistry, Laboratory of Innovative Materials and Biotechnology of Natural Resources, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes 50070, Morocco
Aman Allah Gourich
Research Team of Bioactive Molecules and Environment Chemistry, Laboratory of Innovative Materials and Biotechnology of Natural Resources, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes 50070, Morocco
Naoual El Menyiy
Laboratory of Pharmacology and Phytochemistry, National Agency of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Taounate 34025, Morocco
Smail Amalich
Laboratory of Pharmacology and Phytochemistry, National Agency of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Taounate 34025, Morocco
Mohamed Elouardi
Research Team of Bioactive Molecules and Environment Chemistry, Laboratory of Innovative Materials and Biotechnology of Natural Resources, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes 50070, Morocco
Hanane Touijer
Research Team of Bioactive Molecules and Environment Chemistry, Laboratory of Innovative Materials and Biotechnology of Natural Resources, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes 50070, Morocco
Mohamed Bouhrim
Laboratory of Biological Engineering, Team of Functional and Pathological Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology Beni Mellal, University Sultan Moulay Slimane, Beni Mellal 23000, Morocco
Latifa Bouissane
Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis, Faculty of Science and Technologies, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal 23000, Morocco
Hiba-Allah Nafidi
Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
Yousef A. Bin Jardan
Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
Mohammed Bourhia
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Laayoune 70000, Morocco
Touriya Zair
Research Team of Bioactive Molecules and Environment Chemistry, Laboratory of Innovative Materials and Biotechnology of Natural Resources, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes 50070, Morocco
In Morocco, many applications in ethnomedicine on Ajuga iva (L.) have been recognized as able to treat various pathologies such as diabetes, stress, and microbial infections. The objective of this work is to carry out phytochemical, biological, and pharmacological investigations on the extracts of Ajuga iva leaves in order to confirm its therapeutic effects. The phytochemical screening carried out on the different extracts of Ajuga iva showed its richness in primary (lipids and proteins) and secondary metabolites (flavonoids, tannins, reducing compounds, oses, and holoside. The best contents of polyphenols, flavonoids, and tannins evaluated by spectrophotometric methods were found in the hydroethanolic extract (69.850 ± 2.783 mg EAG/g DE, 17.127 ± 0.474 mg EQ/g DE, 5.566 ± 0.000 mg EQC/g DE), respectively. Analysis of the chemical composition of the aqueous extract by LC/UV/MS revealed 32 polyphenolic compounds including ferulic acid (19.06%), quercetin (10.19%), coumaric acid (9.63%), and apigenin-7-(2-O-apiosylglucoside) (6.8%). The antioxidant activity of Ajuga iva extracts was evaluated by three methods (DPPH*, FRAP, CAT). The hydroethanolic extract recorded the strongest reducing power: DPPH* (IC50 = 59.92 ± 0.7 µg/mL), FRAP (EC50 = 196.85 ± 1.54 (µg/mL), and CAT (199.21 ± 0.37 mg EAG/gE). A strong correlation between phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities was confirmed by the determination of Pearson’s coefficient. The antimicrobial activity of Ajuga iva studied by the microtiter method revealed potent antifungal and antibacterial qualities against Candida parapsilosis and Staphylococcus aureus BLACT. An in vivo oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) using normal rats revealed that the antihyperglycemic action of the aqueous extract significantly reduced postprandial hyperglycaemia at (30 min, p p 50 = 1.52 ± 0.03 mg/mL. In conclusion, the extract from Ajuga iva could be a good source of bioactive molecules, which exhibit potent antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, as well as strong antidiabetic activity, for applications in the pharmaceutical industry.
