LC-MS/HRMS Analysis, Anti-Cancer, Anti-Enzymatic and Anti-Oxidant Effects of <i>Boerhavia diffusa</i> Extracts: A Potential Raw Material for Functional Applications
Kouadio Ibrahime Sinan,
Uğur Akpulat,
Afaf A. Aldahish,
Yasemin Celik Altunoglu,
Mehmet Cengiz Baloğlu,
Dimitrina Zheleva-Dimitrova,
Reneta Gevrenova,
Devina Lobine,
Mohamad Fawzi Mahomoodally,
Ouattara Katinan Etienne,
Gokhan Zengin,
Shafi Mahmud,
Raffaele Capasso
Affiliations
Kouadio Ibrahime Sinan
Physiology and Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya 42130, Turkey
Uğur Akpulat
Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu 37150, Turkey
Afaf A. Aldahish
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Asir, Saudi Arabia
Yasemin Celik Altunoglu
Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu 37150, Turkey
Mehmet Cengiz Baloğlu
Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu 37150, Turkey
Dimitrina Zheleva-Dimitrova
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University-Sofia, 1431 Soifa, Bulgaria
Reneta Gevrenova
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University-Sofia, 1431 Soifa, Bulgaria
Devina Lobine
Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Mauritius, Réduit 80837, Mauritius
Mohamad Fawzi Mahomoodally
Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Mauritius, Réduit 80837, Mauritius
Boerhavia diffusa is a great tropical plant and is widely used for various traditional purposes. In the present study, we examined the influence of solvents (dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol and infusion (water)) on chemical composition and biological capabilities of B. diffusa. An UHPLC-HRMS method was used to determine the chemical characterization. The biological ability was examined for antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory and anti-cancer effects. To evaluate antioxidant effects, different chemical methods (ABTS, DPPH, CUPRAC, FRAP, metal chelating and phosphomolybdenum) were applied. With regard to enzyme inhibitory properties, cholinesterases, amylase, glucosidase and tyrosinase were used. The MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line was chosen to determine anticancer activity. Based on the UHPLC-HRMS analysis, 37 specialized metabolites were dereplicated and identified in the studied extracts. Results revealed the presence of 15 hydroxybenzoic, hydroxycinnamic, acylquinic acids, and their glycosides, one rotenoid, seven flavonoids, 12 fatty acids and two other glycosides. Among the tested extracts, the methanol extract showed a stronger antioxidant ability compared with other extracts. The methanol extract also showed the best inhibitory effects on tyrosinase and glucosidase. In the anti-cancer evaluation, the methanol extract showed stronger anticancer effects compared with water extract. In summary, our observations can contribute to the establishment of B. diffusa as a potential candidate for functional applications in the preparation.
