Innovative understanding of the duality confusion, the photovoltaic and magnetocaloric effects

Abstract

Innovation in engineering requires clear understanding of physics of the concerned phenomena in any engineering application. This article gives clear scientific answers of two disturbing questions concerning fundamental phenomena in any electromagnetic system: “Is the light a flow of waves or particles?” and “Is the electric current a flow of particles or waves?” Such answers solve a puzzle in physics literature called the duality confusion and lead to innovative understandings of two interesting phenomena; the photovoltaic and magnetocaloric effects. Having such innovative understanding, it was possible to introduce in this paper verified concepts to robust designs of multijunction solar cells, optical fibers and magnetocaloric refrigerators. It was also possible to introduce a universal system of units that deletes redundancies in the SI system of units. At the end; it was shown that the results of Faraday’s experiment, known as Faraday’s effect, represent a proof of the introduced innovative understanding. Keywords: Entropy, Duality confusion, Thermoelectric effect, Photoelectric effect, Magnetocaloric effect, Seebeck effect