Extraction of Bioactive Compound-Rich Essential Oil from <i>Cistus ladanifer</i> L. by Microwave-Assisted Hydrodistillation: GC-MS Characterization, In Vitro Pharmacological Activities, and Molecular Docking
Naoufal El Hachlafi,
Fahd Kandsi,
Amine Elbouzidi,
Fatima Zahra Lafdil,
Ghizlane Nouioura,
Emad M. Abdallah,
Rhizlan Abdnim,
Mohamed Bnouham,
Samiah Hamad Al-Mijalli,
Hanae Naceiri Mrabti,
Kawtar Fikri-Benbrahim
Affiliations
Naoufal El Hachlafi
Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Bio Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Analysis Research Team, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed V in Rabat, Rabat 6203, Morocco
Fahd Kandsi
Laboratory of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, Oujda 60000, Morocco
Amine Elbouzidi
Laboratoire D’Amélioration des Productions Agricoles, Biotechnologie et Environnement (LAPABE), Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed Premier, Oujda 60000, Morocco
Fatima Zahra Lafdil
Laboratory of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, Oujda 60000, Morocco
Ghizlane Nouioura
Laboratories of Natural Substances, Pharmacology, Environment, Modeling, Health and Quality of Life (SNAMOPEQ), Faculty of Sciences, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez 30000, Morocco
Emad M. Abdallah
Department of Science Laboratories, College of Science and Arts, Qassim University, Ar Rass 51921, Saudi Arabia
Rhizlan Abdnim
Laboratory of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, Oujda 60000, Morocco
Mohamed Bnouham
Laboratory of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, Oujda 60000, Morocco
Samiah Hamad Al-Mijalli
Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
Hanae Naceiri Mrabti
High Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques Casablanca, Casablanca 20250, Morocco
Kawtar Fikri-Benbrahim
Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Bioactive Molecules, Sciences and Technologies Faculty, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Imouzzer Road, Fez 30000, Morocco
Cistus ladanifer L. is an aromatic and resinous perennial shrub commonly used in Moroccan folk medicine against a range of illnesses including skin problems, diabetes, diarrhea, and inflammation. The current investigation aims to determine the bioactive compounds of C. ladanifer essential oil (CL-Eo) extracted by microwave-assisted hydrodistillation and their biological properties using in vitro and molecular docking approaches. The GC-MS analysis identified linderol (17.76%), gamma-terpinene (17.55%), and borneol (13.78%) as main bioactive compounds. CL-Eo significantly inhibited α-amylase (IC50 = 0.41 ± 0.009 mg/mL), α-glucosidase (IC50 = 0.49 ± 0.002 mg/mL) and lipase (IC50 = 0.45 ± 0.004 mg/mL) enzymes. Moreover, CL-Eo showed significant hemoglobin glycation as well as antioxidant capacity as indicated by DPPH, ABTS, Frap and beta-carotene tests. The antimicrobial evaluation used disc-diffusion and microdilution tests in vitro. The results showed that CL-Eo had significant antibacterial activity, particularly against P. mirabilis (17.16 ± 1.04 mm), and moderate effects against L. innocua (13.48 ± 1.65 mm) and E. coli (12.47 ± 0.61 mm). In addition, it demonstrated potent antifungal activity against C. albicans (18.01 ± 0.91 mm) and C. tropicalis (16.45 ± 0.32 mm). The MIC and MBC tests provided confirmation that CL-Eo exhibited potent growth inhibition. The MIC ranged from 0.25 to 8.0% v/v and the MBC or MFC ranged from 0.25 to 16.0% v/v Eo. The tolerance level ratio showed bactericidal and fungicidal effects against tested microbial strains in varying degrees. According to these data, CL-Eo might be suggested as a promising candidate for drug development, specifically for combating candidiasis and diabetes.
