Respiratory Colonization and Short-Term Temporal Changes in the Urinary Metabolome of Children
Lilliam Ambroggio,
Todd A. Florin,
Kayla Williamson,
Cory Pfefferman,
Brandie D. Wagner,
Larisa Yeomans,
Jae Hyun Kim,
Heidi Sucharew,
Maurizio Macaluso,
Richard M. Ruddy,
Samir S. Shah,
Kathleen A. Stringer
Affiliations
Lilliam Ambroggio
Sections of Emergency Medicine and Hospital Medicine, Children’s Hospital Colorado & Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
Todd A. Florin
Division of Emergency Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago & Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
Kayla Williamson
Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
Cory Pfefferman
Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center & Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
Brandie D. Wagner
Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
Larisa Yeomans
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Metabolomics Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical Care, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
Jae Hyun Kim
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Metabolomics Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical Care, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
Heidi Sucharew
Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center & Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
Maurizio Macaluso
Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center & Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
Richard M. Ruddy
Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center & Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
Samir S. Shah
Divisions of Hospital Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center & Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
Kathleen A. Stringer
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Metabolomics Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical Care, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
The human metabolome may vary based on age, over time, and in the presence of viral carriage and bacterial colonization—a common scenario in children. We used nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to identify and quantify urinary metabolites of children without signs or symptoms of respiratory illness. A urine sample and two nasopharyngeal swabs were collected to test for respiratory viral pathogens and colonization by Streptococcus pneumoniae (Sp). Urine samples were collected at the initial visit, 24 h post-enrollment, and 10–14 days post-enrollment. Of the 122 children enrolled, 24% had a virus detected and 19.7% had Sp detected. Intraclass correlation coefficients demonstrated greater within-subject versus between-subject variability for all metabolites detected. In linear mixed models adjusted for age, time, history of asthma, Sp, and viruses, 1-methylnicotinamide was increased by 50% in children with Sp and decreased by 35% in children with rhinovirus/enterovirus. Children with Sp had 83% higher levels of trimethylamine-N-oxide compared with those without Sp. However, when adjusting for multiple comparisons, the association was no longer statistically significant. In conclusion, there appear to be short-term changes within the urinary metabolome of healthy children, but levels of metabolites did not statistically differ in children with viral carriage or Sp detected.
