Learning conditional photometric stereo with high-resolution features

Abstract

Abstract Photometric stereo aims to reconstruct 3D geometry by recovering the dense surface orientation of a 3D object from multiple images under differing illumination. Traditional methods normally adopt simplified reflectance models to make the surface orientation computable. However, the real reflectances of surfaces greatly limit applicability of such methods to real-world objects. While deep neural networks have been employed to handle non-Lambertian surfaces, these methods are subject to blurring and errors, especially in high-frequency regions (such as crinkles and edges), caused by spectral bias: neural networks favor low-frequency representations so exhibit a bias towards smooth functions. In this paper, therefore, we propose a self-learning conditional network with multi-scale features for photometric stereo, avoiding blurred reconstruction in such regions. Our explorations include: (i) a multi-scale feature fusion architecture, which keeps high-resolution representations and deep feature extraction, simultaneously, and (ii) an improved gradient-motivated conditionally parameterized convolution (GM-CondConv) in our photometric stereo network, with different combinations of convolution kernels for varying surfaces. Extensive experiments on public benchmark datasets show that our calibrated photometric stereo method outperforms the state-of-the-art.

Keywords

• photometric stereo
• normal estimation
• deep neural networks
• 3D reconstruction