The Impact of Different Smoking Behavior on Pulmonary Function and Pulmonary Hypertension Among Chinese Male Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Abstract

Huina Gao,1,* Yijun Song,2,* Kun Liu,1,* Xinyuan Lu,3 Jiacheng Shen,2 Sulan Wei,2 Hongni Jiang,1,2 Nuo Xu2 1Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Xiamen Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China; 3School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Nuo Xu, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People’s Republic of China, Email [email protected]; Hongni Jiang, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Xiamen Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 668 Jinhu Road, Xiamen, 361015, People’s Republic of China, Email [email protected]: Cigarette smoking is the most recognized risk factor of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in China. However, there are no studies analyzing the impact of different smoking behaviors on pulmonary function and pulmonary hypertension (PH) among Chinese male patients with COPD.Patients and Methods: Chinese male smokers with COPD performed pulmonary function tests. Clinical characteristics, smoking behavior features, spirometry and echocardiographic results were compared between the two groups stratified by initial smoking age (18 years old) or complicated PH.Results: The early-smoking group had more respiratory symptoms, more severe smoking behavior, worse pulmonary function with lower FEV1%pre (38.5% vs 70.2%) and FEV1/FVC% (47.5% vs 63.8%), and higher systolic pulmonary artery pressure (sPAP: 38.6 vs 33.9 mmHg) than the late-smoking group. Initiating smoking before adulthood was an independently contributing factor of ventilatory dysfunction and Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) stage escalation. It also had a significant interaction with long smoking duration (≥ 30 years), characterized by markedly decreased lung volumes (VC%pre: 64.0% vs 84.5%), impaired diffusing capacity (DLCO%pre: 58.0% vs 76.8%) and severe emphysema (RV/TLC%pre: 145.2% vs 130.2%). COPD patients complicated with PH exhibited worse ventilatory function (FEV1%pre: 43.2% vs 56.2%), impaired diffusion capacity (DLCO%pre: 56.7% vs 77.1%) and decreased lung volume (VC%pre: 67.67% vs 75.38%). Both severe smoking behaviors and impaired pulmonary function had close correlations with sPAP.Conclusion: The early-smoking group exhibited predominantly ventilation dysfunction and had complex interactions with long smoking duration to further affect lung volume and diffusion capacity. Different smoking behaviors influenced variations of pulmonary dysfunction and comorbid PH in patients with COPD.Keywords: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary function, smoking behavior, initial smoking age, pulmonary hypertension

Keywords

• chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• pulmonary function
• smoking behavior
• initial smoking age
• pulmonary hypertension