Machine Learning-Based X-Ray Projection Interpolation for Improved 4D-CBCT Reconstruction

Abstract

Goal: Respiration-correlated cone-beam computed tomography (4D-CBCT) is an X-ray-based imaging modality that uses reconstruction algorithms to produce time-varying volumetric images of moving anatomy over a cycle of respiratory motion. The quality of the produced images is affected by the number of CBCT projections available for reconstruction. Interpolation techniques have been used to generate intermediary projections to be used, along with the original projections, for reconstruction. Transfer learning is a powerful approach that harnesses the ability to reuse pre-trained models in solving new problems. Methods: Several state-of-the-art pre-trained deep learning models, used for video frame interpolation, are utilized in this work to generate intermediary projections. Moreover, a novel regression predictive modeling approach is also proposed to achieve the same objective. Digital phantom and clinical datasets are used to evaluate the performance of the models. Results: The results show that the Real-Time Intermediate Flow Estimation (RIFE) algorithm outperforms the others in terms of the Structural Similarity Index Method (SSIM): 0.986 $\pm$ 0.010, Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR): 44.13 $\pm$ 2.76, and Mean Square Error (MSE): 18.86 $\pm$ 206.90 across all datasets. Moreover, the interpolated projections were used along with the original ones to reconstruct a 4D-CBCT image that was compared to that reconstructed from the original projections only. Conclusions: The reconstructed image using the proposed approach was found to minimize the streaking artifacts, thereby enhancing the image quality. This work demonstrates the advantage of using general-purpose transfer learning algorithms in 4D-CBCT image enhancement.

Keywords

• 4D-CBCT reconstruction
• deep learning
• intermediate projection interpolation
• multi-output regression
• transfer learning